{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T14:01:47Z","timestamp":1777039307794,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The spread of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> is a major public health issue. Bivalves are filter-feeder animals capable of bioaccumulating the microorganisms present in water. This physiological characteristic makes them both good indicators of environmental contamination and possible carriers of pathogenic bacteria, including those resistant to antimicrobials. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of ESBL-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> in clams (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009308) collected from harvesting areas of the Central Adriatic Sea between 2018 and 2019. ESBL- \/class C \u03b2-lactamase (AmpC)- producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic> spp. were isolated by streaking over the surface of MacConkey agar plates supplemented with cefotaxime enriched broths of the initial shellfish suspension. <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic> spp. resistant to cefotaxime were screened for ESBL production by using the double disk synergy test. Susceptibility to different antimicrobials and confirmation of ESBL-production were determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. Isolates were further characterized by whole genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatic analysis of genomes with different tools. Overall, ESBL-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> were isolated from 3% of the samples. Of 13 ESBL- and ESBL\u2212\/AmpC-producing <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic> spp. (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200911 <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091 <jats:italic>E. marmotae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091 <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>ruysiae<\/jats:italic>) isolates, 13 were resistant to ampicillin and cefotaxime, 9 to sulfamethoxazole, 6 to tetracycline and nalidixic acid, 4 to trimethoprim, and 3 to ceftazidime, cefoxitin, ciprofloxacin, and chloramphenicol. Moreover, the majority (8\/11) of the ESBL-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates were multidrug-resistant. WGS showed that the isolates predominantly carried the <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub> gene (3\/11) and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-14<\/jats:sub> and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-1<\/jats:sub> (2\/11 each). The AmpC \u03b2-lactamase CMY-2 was found in two isolates. Phylogroup A was the most prevalent (5\/11), followed by phylogroups D (4\/11), F (1\/11), and B2 (1\/11). Ten different sequence types (STs) were identified. Occurrence at sampling sites ranged between 0 and 27%. To identify associations between the occurrence of ESBL-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> levels, samples were divided into two groups, with <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> at &amp;gt;230 MPN\/100\u2009g and <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> at \u2264230 MPN\/100\u2009g. ESBL-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates were significantly more commonly recovered in samples with higher <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> levels (14%) than in those with lower levels of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> (2%). Moreover, the majority (3\/4) of the potentially pathogenic strains were isolated in samples with higher <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> levels. These findings provided evidence for the bacterial indicator of fecal contamination, <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>, as an index organism for ESBL-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates in bivalves.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1219008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T15:58:42Z","timestamp":1699286322000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Occurrence and temporal distribution of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in clams from the Central Adriatic, Italy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Francesca","family":"Leoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Sacchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Pieralisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Angelico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara Francesca","family":"Magistrali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucilla","family":"Cucco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca Romana","family":"Massacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Albini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Duranti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Camm\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Secondini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Rinaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Barchiesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e05709","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2019.5709","article-title":"Technical specifications on harmonised monitoring of antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from food-producing animals and food","volume":"17","author":"Aerts","year":"2019","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040568","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1040568","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis on antimicrobial resistance in marine bivalves","volume":"13","author":"Albini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"83","article-title":"Regulation (EC) no 854\/2004 of the European Parliament and of the council of 29 April 2004 laying down specific rules for the organisation of official controls on products of animal origin intended for human consumption","year":"2004","journal-title":"Off. J. Eur. Union"},{"key":"ref9001","article-title":"ISO 16649-3:2015. Microbiology of the food chain - Horizontal method for the enumeration of beta-glucuronidase-positive Escherichia coli - Part 3: Detection and most probable number technique using 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-\u00df-D-glucuronide","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"51","article-title":"Commission implementing regulation (EU) 2019\/627 of 15 March 2019 laying down uniform practical arrangements for the performance of official controls on products of animal origin intended for human consumption in accordance with regulation (EU) 2017\/625","year":"2019","journal-title":"Off. J. Eur. Union"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4382","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.9.4382","article-title":"Development of a multilocus sequence typing scheme for characterization of clinical isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"43","author":"Bartual","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e000192","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000192","article-title":"ClermonTyping: an easy-to-use and accurate in silico method for Escherichia genus strain phylotyping","volume":"4","author":"Beghain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dlac048","DOI":"10.1093\/jacamr\/dlac048","article-title":"Comparison of the global prevalence and trend of human intestinal carriage of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli between healthcare and community settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Bezabih","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAC Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa399","article-title":"The global prevalence and trend of human intestinal carriage of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in the community","volume":"76","author":"Bezabih","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa345","article-title":"ResFinder 4.0 for predictions of phenotypes from genotypes","volume":"75","author":"Bortolaia","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-15-463","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli, enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus from raw fish and seafood imported into Switzerland","volume":"79","author":"Boss","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5707","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-09598-8","article-title":"Convergence of virulence and resistance in international clones of WHO critical priority enterobacterales isolated from marine bivalves","volume":"12","author":"Bueris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-10-421","article-title":"BLAST+: architecture and applications","volume":"10","author":"Camacho","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3895","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02412-14","article-title":"In silico detection and typing of plasmids using plasmidfinder and plasmid multilocus sequence typing","volume":"58","author":"Carattoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2011.02519.x","article-title":"Characterization of the cryptic Escherichia lineages: rapid identification and prevalence","volume":"13","author":"Clermont","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. CLSI supplement M100","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref17","volume-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing M100","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dks477","article-title":"Detection of quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolates belonging to clonal groups O25B:H4-B2-ST131 and O25B:H4-D-ST69 in raw sewage and river water in Barcelona, Spain","volume":"68","author":"Colomer-Lluch","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000475","article-title":"Mechanisms of quinolone action and resistance: where do we stand?","volume":"66","author":"Correia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0416-x","article-title":"The population genetics of pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"19","author":"Denamur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref21","unstructured":""},{"key":"ref22","unstructured":""},{"key":"ref23","unstructured":"2018"},{"key":"ref24","unstructured":"2023"},{"key":"ref25","volume-title":"The EU fish market","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2021.106433","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli from extraintestinal infections in humans and from food-producing animals in Italy: a \u2018one health\u2019 study","volume":"58","author":"Giufr\u00e8","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00024","article-title":"Marine bivalve mollusks as possible indicators of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli and other species of the Enterobacteriaceae family","volume":"8","author":"Grevskott","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01796-09","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing of Clostridium difficile","volume":"48","author":"Griffiths","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02401-10","article-title":"Biofilm formation by and thermal niche and virulence characteristics of Escherichia spp","volume":"77","author":"Ingle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-9-560","article-title":"Phylogenetic and genomic diversity of human bacteremic Escherichia coli strains","volume":"9","author":"Jaureguy","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-021-09201-z","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in shellfish and major inland pollution sources in the drainage basin of Kamak Bay, Republic of Korea","volume":"193","author":"Jeong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2410","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00008-15","article-title":"Rapid and easy in silico serotyping of Escherichia coli isolates by use of whole-genome sequencing data","volume":"53","author":"Joensen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa390","article-title":"Detection of mobile genetic elements associated with antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica using a newly developed web tool: MobileElementFinder","volume":"76","author":"Johansson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.055459-0","article-title":"Ribosomal multilocus sequence typing: universal characterization of bacteria from domain to strain","volume":"158","author":"Jolley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e018657","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186576","article-title":"A comparison of extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase producing Escherichia coli from clinical, recreational water and wastewater samples associated in time and location","volume":"12","author":"J\u00f8rgensen","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06094-11","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing of total-genome-sequenced bacteria","volume":"50","author":"Larsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2012.114","article-title":"Sources of variation of Escherichia coli concentrations in bivalve molluscs","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.6.2609-2617.2004","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing analysis of human and animal Clostridium difficile isolates of various toxigenic types","volume":"42","author":"Lemee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10619","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46831-3","article-title":"Genomic and molecular characterisation of Escherichia marmotae from wild rodents in Qinghai-Tibet plateau as a potential pathogen","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.000228","article-title":"Escherichia marmotae sp. nov., isolated from faeces of Marmota himalayana","volume":"65","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01269","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01269-20","article-title":"In silico genotyping of Escherichia coli isolates for extraintestinal virulence genes by use of whole-genome sequencing data","volume":"58","author":"Malberg Tetzschner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00738","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.738","article-title":"Genotypic and phenotypic characterization of Escherichia coli isolated from mollusks in Brazil and the United States","volume":"8","author":"Miotto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01118","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01118-20","article-title":"Escherichia coli sequence type 457 is an emerging extended-spectrum-\u03b2-lactam-resistant lineage with reservoirs in wildlife and food-producing animals","volume":"65","author":"Nesporova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00125-13","article-title":"Escherichia coli ST131, an intriguing clonal group","volume":"27","author":"Nicolas-Chanoine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref46","unstructured":"O\u2019NeillJ.\n          2016"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.048983-0","article-title":"Virulence potential and adherence properties of Escherichia coli that produce CTX-M and NDM \u03b2-lactamases","volume":"62","author":"Peirano","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-019-01180-3","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae: update on molecular epidemiology and treatment options","volume":"79","author":"Peirano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2014.1840","article-title":"Occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli in oysters and mussels from Atlantic Canada","volume":"12","author":"Rees","year":"2015","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0002","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000206","article-title":"MOB-suite: software tools for clustering, reconstruction and typing of plasmids from draft assemblies","volume":"4","author":"Robertson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Genom."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1086\/315418","article-title":"Proposal for a new inclusive designation for extraintestinal pathogenic isolates of Escherichia coli: ExPEC","volume":"181","author":"Russo","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11101283","article-title":"Comprehensive genome and plasmidome analysis of antimicrobial resistant bacteria in wastewater treatment plant effluent of Tokyo","volume":"11","author":"Sekizuka","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e020352","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02035-21","article-title":"Escherichia marmotae\u2013a human pathogen easily misidentified as Escherichia coli","volume":"10","author":"Sivertsen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10071364","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales from Tunisian seafood","volume":"10","author":"Sola","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30753-3","article-title":"Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: the WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis","volume":"18","author":"Tacconelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"004609","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004609","article-title":"Escherichia ruysiae sp. nov., a novel gram-stain-negative bacterium, isolated from a faecal sample of an international traveller","volume":"71","author":"Van der Putten","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2016.05.003","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant and epidemic clones of Escherichia coli from natural beds of Venus clam","volume":"59","author":"Vignaroli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-18-029","article-title":"Investigation of extended-spectrum and AmpC \u03b2 -lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae from retail seafood in Berlin, Germany","volume":"81","author":"Vu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6534","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01262-09","article-title":"Cryptic lineages of the genus Escherichia","volume":"75","author":"Walk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05172.x","article-title":"Sex and virulence in Escherichia coli: an evolutionary perspective","volume":"60","author":"Wirth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref61","unstructured":"2019"},{"key":"ref62","unstructured":"2021"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2764","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx217","article-title":"PointFinder: a novel web tool for WGS-based detection of antimicrobial resistance associated with chromosomal point mutations in bacterial pathogens","volume":"72","author":"Zankari","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115827","article-title":"Characterization of water treatment-resistant and multidrug-resistant urinary pathogenic Escherichia coli in treated wastewater","volume":"182","author":"Zhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1219008\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T15:58:54Z","timestamp":1699286334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1219008\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]]},"references-count":66,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1219008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1219008","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]]},"article-number":"1219008"}}