{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T09:39:51Z","timestamp":1789637991225,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1689552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a highly prevalent illness affecting women globally. Lactobacilli, which make up the majority of healthy vaginal microbiota (VMB), serve as a powerful barrier against infections. Probiotic therapy has been recommended for the treatment or prevention of VVC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aim of work<\/jats:title><jats:p>To compare the <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> therapeutic effects of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus johnsonii<\/jats:italic> (B-2178) vs. <jats:italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus<\/jats:italic> (LA-5<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>) on VVC in a rat model, particularly highlighting the immune response of the host vaginal epithelium.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In total, 30 female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups; Group 1: no intervention, Group 2: ovariectomy group, while animals in Groups 3\u20135 were subjected to ovariectomy and an intravaginal inoculation of <jats:italic>Candida albicans (C. albicans)<\/jats:italic> to establish VVC. The animals in Groups 4 and 5 received intravaginal lactobacilli treatment with <jats:italic>L. acidophilus<\/jats:italic> (LA-5<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>) and <jats:italic>L. johnsonii<\/jats:italic> (B-2178) strains, respectively, for 7\u2009days. <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> load was measured in a vaginal lavage 1, 3, and 7\u2009days after the stoppage of the treatment. Histological, morphometric, and immunohistochemical studies of the vaginal tissues were done. IFN-\u03b3, IL-4, and IL-17 were measured in the vaginal tissue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both <jats:italic>L. johnsonii<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>L. acidophilus<\/jats:italic> significantly reduced <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> vaginal load (250\u2009\u00b1\u200977.46 and 133.33\u2009\u00b1\u200940.82\u2009CFU\/mL) compared to the count before treatment in both groups (4,850\u2009\u00b1\u20091419.51 and 4966.67\u2009\u00b1\u2009852.45\u2009CFU\/mL) even after 7\u2009days of stoppage of lactobacilli treatment. A statistically significant reduction of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17 and IFN-\u03b3 was reported in both treated groups compared to the infected untreated group. <jats:italic>L. johnsonii<\/jats:italic> has a significant effect on the reduction of hyphae formation of <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> as well as the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-\u03baB) immunostaining density of vaginal tissue compared to <jats:italic>L. acidophilus.<\/jats:italic> Moreover, treatment with <jats:italic>L. johnsonii<\/jats:italic> significantly minimized the epithelium damage triggered by <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> infection and restored normal vaginal architecture as evidenced by the histologic and morphometric studies when compared to <jats:italic>L. acidophilus.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Through maintaining an immune tolerant state in the vaginal epithelium and ameliorating the undesirable uncontrolled inflammatory response in the vaginal tissue, <jats:italic>L. johnsonii<\/jats:italic> (B-2178) has the potential to be utilized alone or in combination with other lactobacilli species in probiotic clinical trials to treat or prevent VVC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1222503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T11:23:38Z","timestamp":1689593018000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Comparing the therapeutic potentials of Lactobacillus johnsonii vs. Lactobacillus acidophilus against vulvovaginal candidiasis in female rats: an in vivo study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dalia Saad","family":"ElFeky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa Reda","family":"Awad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asmaa Mohammed","family":"Shamseldeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hagar Lotfy","family":"Mowafy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Adel","family":"Hosny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.21608\/ejmm.2023.299696","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus johnsonii on growth, phenotypic and genotypic expression of virulence factors of Candida albicans causing vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"32","author":"Abd El-Aala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00076-09","article-title":"Candida infections of the genitourinary tract","volume":"23","author":"Achkar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00915-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00915-18","article-title":"Candida albicans-induced epithelial damage mediates translocation through intestinal barriers","volume":"9","author":"Allert","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10020285","article-title":"Probiotics reduce vaginal candidiasis in pregnant women via modulating abundance of Candida and Lactobacillus in vaginal and Cervicovaginal regions","volume":"10","author":"Ang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-015-0082-0","article-title":"Lactobacilli with probiotic potential in the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster)","volume":"7","author":"Assefa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-012-0301-y","article-title":"Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus plantarum strains downregulate proinflammatory genes in an ex vivo system of cultured human colonic mucosa","volume":"8","author":"B\u00e4uerl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.21477\/ijapsr.5.4.1","article-title":"Simple and rapid method for rat estrous cycle identification using crystal violet-hormonal consideration","volume":"5","author":"Begum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crimmu.2023.100057","article-title":"Battle royale: immune response on biofilms \u2013 host-pathogen interactions","volume":"4","author":"Cangui-Panchi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Immunol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-010-9326-1","article-title":"A new model of vaginal infection by Candida albicans in rats","volume":"170","author":"Carrara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01544-15","article-title":"Experimental models of vaginal candidiasis and their relevance to human candidiasis","volume":"84","author":"Cassone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"391","article-title":"Biostatistics 102: quantitative data-parametric & non-parametric tests","volume":"44","author":"Chan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Singapore Med. J."},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"354","article-title":"Biostatistics 301. Repeated measurement analysis","volume":"45","author":"Chan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Singapore Med. J."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11510","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68214-9","article-title":"Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Lactobacillus johnsonii modulate intestinal inflammation and eliminate fungi via enzymatic hydrolysis of the fungal cell wall","volume":"10","author":"Charlet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-01464-4","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota and the potential of Lactobacillus derivatives in maintaining vaginal health","volume":"19","author":"Chee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.10.001","article-title":"IL-17 receptor signaling in Oral epithelial cells is critical for protection against oropharyngeal candidiasis","volume":"20","author":"Conti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3297","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.6.3297-3304.2000","article-title":"Local Anticandidal immune responses in a rat model of vaginal infection by and protection against Candida albicans","volume":"68","author":"de Bernardis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e339","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30103-8","article-title":"Global burden of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Denning","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2010.04.010","article-title":"Lactic acid bacteria colonization and clinical outcome after probiotic supplementation in conventionally treated bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"12","author":"Ehrstr\u00f6m","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref21","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/714031126","article-title":"Distinct protective host defenses against oral and vaginal candidiasis","volume":"40","author":"Fidel","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2939","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.72.5.2939-2946.2004","article-title":"An intravaginal live Candida challenge in humans leads to new hypotheses for the Immunopathogenesis of vulvovaginal candidiasis","volume":"72","author":"Fidel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref22","first-page":"487","article-title":"Taxonomic study of the Lactobacillus acidophilus group, with recognition of Lactobacillus gallinarum sp. nov. and Lactobacillus johnsonii sp. nov. and synonymy of Lactobacillus acidophilus group A3 (Johnson et al. 1980) with the type strain of Lactobacill","volume-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol.","author":"Fujisawa","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-018-0301-6","article-title":"Different host immunological response to C. albicans by human Oral and vaginal epithelial cells","volume":"184","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822010000100002","article-title":"Vaginal lactobacilli as potential probiotics against Candida spp","volume":"41","author":"Gil","year":"2010","journal-title":"Brazilian J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2011.01.005","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunity at mucosal surfaces of the female reproductive tract: stratification and integration of immune protection against the transmission of sexually transmitted infections","volume":"88","author":"Hickey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2012.02.008","article-title":"Understanding vaginal microbiome complexity from an ecological perspective","volume":"160","author":"Hickey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8121","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44579-4","article-title":"Vaginal lactobacilli inhibit growth and hyphae formation of Candida albicans","volume":"9","author":"Jang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.07.002","article-title":"Lactobacillus johnsonii HY7042 ameliorates Gardnerella vaginalis-induced vaginosis by killing Gardnerella vaginalis and inhibiting NF-\u03baB activation","volume":"11","author":"Joo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2012.05.023","article-title":"Lactobacillus helveticus HY7801 ameliorates vulvovaginal candidiasis in mice by inhibiting fungal growth and NF-\u03baB activation","volume":"14","author":"Joo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-014-9176-0","article-title":"Local probiotic therapy for vaginal Candida albicans infections","volume":"7","author":"Kovachev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-009-9146-y","article-title":"Evaluation of anti-colitic effect of lactic acid Bacteria in mice by cDNA microarray analysis","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2591","article-title":"How does a hypha grow? The biophysics of pressurized growth in fungi","volume":"9","author":"Lew","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01033","article-title":"Local probiotic lactobacillus crispatus and lactobacillus delbrueckii exhibit strong antifungal effects against vulvovaginal candidiasis in a rat model","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.20736","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei downregulates commensals\u02bc inflammatory signals in Crohn\u02bcs disease mucosa","volume":"15","author":"Llopis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.28.4.576","article-title":"The phases of the Oestrous cycle in the adult white rat","volume":"28","author":"Mandl","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00655","article-title":"Lactobacillus johnsonii N6.2 modulates the host immune responses: A double-blind, randomized trial in healthy adults","volume":"8","author":"Marcial","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2011.01868.x","article-title":"Treatment with probiotics in experimental oral colonization by Candida albicans in murine model (DBA\/2)","volume":"18","author":"Matsubara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-016-7527-3","article-title":"Probiotic lactobacilli inhibit early stages of Candida albicans biofilm development by reducing their growth, cell adhesion, and filamentation","volume":"100","author":"Matsubara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000225","article-title":"Can Lactobacillus fermentum LF10 and Lactobacillus acidophilus LA02 in a slow-release vaginal product be useful for prevention of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis? A clinical study","author":"Murina","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1001\/archotol.1996.01890140057011","article-title":"Transforming growth factor 1 improves wound healing and random flap survival in Normal and irradiated rats","volume":"122","author":"Nall","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-022-01088-x","article-title":"Breast milk from healthy women has higher anti-Candida properties than women with vaginal infections during pregnancy","volume":"32","author":"Nisaa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12033","article-title":"NF-\u03baB: roles and regulation in different CD4 + T-cell subsets","volume":"252","author":"Oh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.30742\/jikw.v9i1.747","article-title":"Mekanisme Escape dan Respon Imun innate terhadap Candida albicans","volume":"9","author":"Oky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jurnal Ilmiah Kedokteran Wijaya Kusuma"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.863208","article-title":"Clustering analysis of the multi-microbial consortium by Lactobacillus species against vaginal Dysbiosis among Ecuadorian women","volume":"12","author":"Pacha-Herrera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2015.00081","article-title":"Lactobacillus species as biomarkers and agents that can promote various aspects of vaginal health","volume":"6","author":"Petrova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0153165","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153165","article-title":"Human epithelial cells discriminate between commensal and pathogenic interactions with Candida albicans","volume":"11","author":"Rast","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2005.00026.x","article-title":"Selecting, testing and understanding probiotic microorganisms","volume":"46","author":"Reid","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-022-06114-z","article-title":"Lactobacilli displacement and Candida albicans inhibition on initial adhesion assays: a probiotic analysis","volume":"15","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Arias","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC. Res. Notes"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.47226-0","article-title":"Lactobacillus fermentum Ess-1 with unique growth inhibition of vulvo-vaginal candidiasis pathogens","volume":"56","author":"R\u00f6nnqvist","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(02)01011-9","article-title":"Characterization of the bovine I\u03baB kinases (IKK)\u03b1 and IKK\u03b2, the regulatory subunit NEMO and their substrate I\u03baB\u03b1","volume":"299","author":"Rottenberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1111\/myc.12883","article-title":"Randomised clinical trial in women with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis: efficacy of probiotics and lactoferrin as maintenance treatment","volume":"62","author":"Russo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1769386","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2020.1769386","article-title":"Antifungal effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus plantarum against different oral Candida species isolated from HIV\/AIDS patients: an in vitro study","volume":"12","author":"Salari","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1601-0825.8.s2.6.x","article-title":"Fungal infections associated with HIV infection","volume":"8","author":"Samaranayake","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000608","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of two Lactobacillus strains during infection with gardnerella vaginalis and Candida albicans in a hela cell culture model","volume":"164","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiology (United Kingdom)"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200203000-00001","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum 299V in the treatment and prevention of spontaneous colitis in Interleukin-10-deficient mice","volume":"8","author":"Schultz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8994-2_29","article-title":"Description of ovariectomy protocol in mice","author":"Souza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0269621","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.02696-21","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. rhamnosus, and L. reuteri cell-free supernatants inhibit Candida parapsilosis pathogenic potential upon infection of vaginal epithelial cells monolayer and in a Transwell Coculture system in vitro","volume":"10","author":"Spaggiari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1555","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare9111555","article-title":"A new therapy for uncomplicated vulvovaginal candidiasis and its impact on vaginal flora","volume":"9","author":"Stabile","year":"2021","journal-title":"Healthcare"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/10647440400028136","article-title":"The in vitro activity of vaginal Lactobacillus with probiotic properties against Candida","volume":"13","author":"Strus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13464","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-92941-2","article-title":"Activation of NF-\u03baB and induction of proinflammatory cytokine expressions mediated by ORF7a protein of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"11","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2636","article-title":"Growth of Candida albicans hyphae","volume":"9","author":"Sudbery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689382","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2021.689382","article-title":"Anticandidal activities by Lactobacillus species: an update on mechanisms of action","volume":"2","author":"Vazquez-Munoz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oral Heal."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853762","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.853762","article-title":"Insights from the Lactobacillus johnsonii genome suggest the production of metabolites with Antibiofilm activity against the Pathobiont Candida albicans","volume":"13","author":"Vazquez-Munoz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.4161\/21505594.2014.981486","article-title":"Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 inhibits biofilm formation by C. albicans and attenuates the experimental candidiasis in galleria mellonella","volume":"6","author":"Vilela","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761191","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.761191","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D and K on Interleukin-6 in COVID-19","volume":"8","author":"Visser","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_201801_14128","article-title":"New evidence on oral L. plantarum P17630 product in women with history of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC): a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study","volume":"22","author":"Vladareanu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-19-58","article-title":"Probiotic lactobacillus and estrogen effects on vaginal epithelial gene expression responses to Candida albicans","volume":"19","author":"Wagner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00564","article-title":"Antimicrobial compounds produced by vaginal Lactobacillus crispatus are able to strongly inhibit Candida albicans growth, hyphal formation and regulate virulence-related gene expressions","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6010027","article-title":"Vulvovaginal candidiasis: A current understanding and burning questions","volume":"6","author":"Willems","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Fungi"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD010496","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010496.pub2","article-title":"Cochrane library Cochrane database of systematic reviews probiotics for vulvovaginal candidiasis in non-pregnant women (review)","volume":"11","author":"XieHY","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2021.11.231","article-title":"Oral probiotics for the secondary prevention of vulvovaginal infections in pregnant women-double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study","volume":"226","author":"Yefet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004107","article-title":"A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae","volume":"70","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1222503\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]],"date-time":"2023-07-17T11:23:46Z","timestamp":1689593026000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1222503\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"references-count":72,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1222503"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1222503","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,17]]},"article-number":"1222503"}}