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Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The present study was undertaken to address the recent spate of pasteurellosis outbreaks among sea-farmed Atlantic salmon (<jats:italic>Salmo salar<\/jats:italic>) in Norway and Scotland, coinciding with sporadic disease episodes in lumpfish (<jats:italic>Cyclopterus lumpus<\/jats:italic>) used for delousing purposes in salmon farms. Genome assemblies from 86 bacterial isolates cultured from diseased salmon or lumpfish confirmed them all as<jats:italic>bona fide<\/jats:italic>members of the<jats:italic>Pasteurellaceae<\/jats:italic>family, with phylogenetic reconstruction dividing them into two distinct branches sharing &amp;lt;88% average nucleotide identity. These branches therefore constitute two separate species, namely<jats:italic>Pasteurella skyensis<\/jats:italic>and the as-yet invalidly named \u201c<jats:italic>Pasteurella atlantica<\/jats:italic>\u201d. Both species further stratify into multiple discrete genomovars (gv.) and\/or lineages, each being nearly or fully exclusive to a particular host, geographic region, and\/or time period. Pasteurellosis in lumpfish is, irrespective of spatiotemporal origin, linked almost exclusively to the highly conserved \u201c<jats:italic>P. atlantica<\/jats:italic>gv.<jats:italic>cyclopteri<\/jats:italic>\u201d (Pac). In contrast, pasteurellosis in Norwegian sea-farmed salmon, dominated since the late-1980s by \u201c<jats:italic>P. atlantica<\/jats:italic>gv.<jats:italic>salmonicida<\/jats:italic>\u201d (Pas), first saw three specific lineages (Pas-1, -2, and -3) causing separate, geographically restricted, and short-lived outbreaks, before a fourth (Pas-4) emerged recently and became more widely disseminated. A similar situation involving<jats:italic>P. skyensis<\/jats:italic>(Ps) has apparently been unfolding in Scottish salmon farming since the mid-1990s, where two historic (Ps-1 and -2) and one contemporary (Ps-3) lineages have been recorded. While the epidemiology underlying all these outbreaks\/epizootics remains unclear, repeated detection of 16S rRNA gene amplicons very closely related to<jats:italic>P. skyensis<\/jats:italic>and \u201c<jats:italic>P. atlantica<\/jats:italic>\u201d from at least five cetacean species worldwide raises the question as to whether marine mammals may play a part, possibly as reservoirs. In fact, the close relationship between the studied isolates and<jats:italic>Phocoenobacter uteri<\/jats:italic>associated with harbor porpoise (<jats:italic>Phocoena phocoena<\/jats:italic>), and their relatively distant relationship with other members of the genus<jats:italic>Pasteurella<\/jats:italic>, suggests that both<jats:italic>P. skyensis<\/jats:italic>and \u201c<jats:italic>P. atlantica<\/jats:italic>\u201d should be moved to the genus<jats:italic>Phocoenobacter<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1236290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T13:07:41Z","timestamp":1695388061000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Phylogeography and host specificity of Pasteurellaceae pathogenic to sea-farmed fish in the north-east Atlantic"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Snorre","family":"Gulla","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duncan J.","family":"Colquhoun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne Berit","family":"Olsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f8rn","family":"Spilsberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Lagesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline P.","family":"\u00c5kesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sverri","family":"Str\u00f8m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farah","family":"Manji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas H.","family":"Birkbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanne K.","family":"Nilsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1038\/215142a0","article-title":"Causes and effects of columnaris-type diseases in fish: species of Corynebacterium and Pasteurella isolated from diseased salmon, trout and rudd","volume":"215","author":"Ajmal","year":"1967","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1111\/jfd.12366","article-title":"Pasteurellosis in lumpsucker Cyclopterus lumpus, farmed in Norway","volume":"39","author":"Alarc\u00f3n","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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