{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T14:10:35Z","timestamp":1790777435190,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]],"date-time":"2023-09-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009592","name":"Beijing municipal science and technology commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Z171100001517003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z171100001517003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009592","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The protozoan parasite <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> is the most common cellular sexually transmitted disease in humans, and the closely related species <jats:italic>Trichomonas gallinae<\/jats:italic> is an avian parasite of ecological and economic importance. Phylogenetic evidence suggests <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> arose during bird to human transmission of a <jats:italic>T. gallinae<\/jats:italic>-like ancestor. <jats:italic>Trichomonas vaginalis<\/jats:italic> shares a strong clinical association with the independent sexually transmitted pathogen <jats:italic>Metamycoplasma<\/jats:italic> (formerly <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic>) <jats:italic>hominis<\/jats:italic>, and the uncultured bacterium \u201c<jats:italic>Candidatus<\/jats:italic> Malacoplasma (formerly <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic>) girerdii,\u201d with the latter association being an order of magnitude stronger. Both bacterial species have been shown to profoundly influence <jats:italic>T. vaginalis<\/jats:italic> growth, energy production and virulence-associated mechanisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Evidence for a novel <jats:italic>Malacoplasma<\/jats:italic> sp. was discovered by <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> Illumina metatranscriptomics sequencing of the <jats:italic>T. gallinae<\/jats:italic>-infected pigeon mouth. We leveraged published 16S rDNA profiling data from digestive tract of 12 healthy and 24 <jats:italic>T. gallinae<\/jats:italic>-infected pigeons to investigate association between the novel <jats:italic>Malacoplasma<\/jats:italic> sp. and <jats:italic>T. gallinae<\/jats:italic>. We utilised Illumina metagenomics sequencing targeted to pigeon oral and crop samples infected with the novel <jats:italic>Malacoplasma<\/jats:italic> sp. to generate its full-length genome sequence. Sequence similarity network analysis was used to compare annotated proteins from the novel <jats:italic>Malacoplasma<\/jats:italic> sp. with a range of other related species.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here we present evidence for a novel <jats:italic>Malacoplasma<\/jats:italic> species, related to \u201c<jats:italic>Ca.<\/jats:italic> M. girerdii,\u201d that is strongly associated with <jats:italic>T. gallinae<\/jats:italic> in the upper digestive tract of domestic pigeons. Analysis of the genome sequence revealed gene features apparently specific to a <jats:italic>Trichomonas<\/jats:italic>-symbiotic <jats:italic>Malacoplasma<\/jats:italic> lineage.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These data support a model of long-term association between <jats:italic>Trichomonas<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Malacoplasma<\/jats:italic> spp. that has been conserved across diversification of the <jats:italic>Trichomonas<\/jats:italic> lineage and the host species barrier from birds to human.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1242275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T07:20:25Z","timestamp":1695280825000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Evolutionary conservation of Trichomonas-mycoplasma symbiosis across the host species barrier"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Nicholas P.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaodua","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Fettweis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert P.","family":"Hirt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","article-title":"Basic local alignment search tool","volume":"215","author":"Altschul","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. 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