{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:06:26Z","timestamp":1753891586050,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1692835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Sarcoptes scabiei<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>S. scabiei<\/jats:italic>) endangers human and other mammalian health. There has been limited research into <jats:italic>S. scabiei<\/jats:italic> pathogenic mechanisms and the immunological interaction between <jats:italic>S. scabiei<\/jats:italic> and hosts. Galectins have critical roles in biological processes such as cell adhesion, signal transduction, and immune response mediation. Galectins of <jats:italic>S. scabiei<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Ss<\/jats:italic>Galectins) were cloned, expressed, and identified, and their transcriptional levels in <jats:italic>S. scabiei<\/jats:italic> were measured at various developmental stages. Fluorescent tissue localization was performed on <jats:italic>Ss<\/jats:italic>Galectins of <jats:italic>S. scabiei<\/jats:italic> and scabies skin. A mouse AD model was constructed to evaluate the effect of r<jats:italic>Ss<\/jats:italic>Galectins on skin pathogenic changes. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunoassay were used to identify macrophage polarization-related components and investigate the immunoregulatory effect of r<jats:italic>Ss<\/jats:italic>Galectins on mouse macrophages. The results demonstrated that the <jats:italic>S. scabiei<\/jats:italic> infection causes macrophage infiltration in the scabies skin. The r<jats:italic>Ss<\/jats:italic>Galectins displayed strong reactogenicity, and distinct genes of the <jats:italic>Ss<\/jats:italic>Galectins were differently expressed in different developmental stages of <jats:italic>S. scabiei<\/jats:italic>. Fluorescence tissue localization revealed that the <jats:italic>Ss<\/jats:italic>Galectins were mainly in the mouthparts, intestines, and body surface. Additionally, <jats:italic>S. scabiei<\/jats:italic> could secrete <jats:italic>Ss<\/jats:italic>Galectins into the infected skin, proving that <jats:italic>Ss<\/jats:italic>Galectins were excretion and secretion proteins of <jats:italic>S. scabiei<\/jats:italic>. In the mouse atopic dermatitis model, cutaneous macrophage infiltration and inflammation increase after r<jats:italic>Ss<\/jats:italic>Galectins injection. Simultaneously, when r<jats:italic>Ss<\/jats:italic>Galectins acted on bone marrow-derived macrophages, M1 macrophage-related polarization factors IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and inducible nitric oxide synthase all increased, demonstrating that r<jats:italic>Ss<\/jats:italic>Galectins can induce M1 polarization and produce pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, the <jats:italic>Ss<\/jats:italic>Galectins are involved in the pathogenic process of <jats:italic>S. scabiei<\/jats:italic> by regulating the polarization of host macrophages to the M1 type when <jats:italic>S. scabiei<\/jats:italic> invade the host and promoting the incidence and development of the host's inflammatory response. This study offers fresh light on the pathogenic process of scabies mites, investigates the immunological interaction mechanism between <jats:italic>S. scabiei<\/jats:italic> and the host, and offers new insights into <jats:italic>S. scabiei<\/jats:italic> prevention and therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1251475","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T18:44:58Z","timestamp":1692902698000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of a novel galectin in Sarcoptes scabiei and its role in regulating macrophage functions"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ran","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luyang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maochuan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhaoli","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2234-1","article-title":"A. review of Sarcoptes scabiei: past, present and future","volume":"10","author":"Arlian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13746","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.13746","article-title":"Scabies: a comprehensive review and current perspectives","volume":"33","author":"Arora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatol. Ther."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9517","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1119038109","article-title":"Akt1 and Akt2 protein kinases differentially contribute to macrophage polarization","volume":"109","author":"Arranz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2013.07.007","article-title":"Unraveling galectin-1 as a novel therapeutic target for cancer","volume":"40","author":"Astorgues-Xerri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Treat Rev."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906-017-1985-8","article-title":"Balneotherapeutic effects of high mineral spring water on the atopic dermatitis-like inflammation in hairless mice via immunomodulation and redox balance","volume":"17","author":"Bajgai","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Compl. Altern. Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-07-231449","article-title":"Galectin-5 is bound onto the surface of rat reticulocyte exosomes and modulates vesicle uptake by macrophages","volume":"115","author":"Barr\u00e8s","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood J. Am. Soc. Hematol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4397","article-title":"Targeting galectin-1-induced angiogenesis mitigates the severity of endometriosis","volume":"234","author":"Bast\u00f3n","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.08.002","article-title":"The challenge of developing a single-dose treatment for scabies","volume":"35","author":"Bernigaud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2020.04.006","article-title":"Inflammation and skeletal muscle regeneration: leave it to the macrophages!","volume":"41","author":"Chazaud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2013.06.012","article-title":"Identification and expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in Sarcoptes scabiei","volume":"135","author":"Cote","year":"2013","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2005.12.020","article-title":"Galectin-3: an open-ended story","volume":"1760","author":"Dumic","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-General Sub."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-021-00348-6","article-title":"Scabies as a part of the World Health Organization roadmap for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030: what we know and what we need to do for global control","volume":"49","author":"El-Moamly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370216650055","article-title":"Engineering galectin\u2013glycan interactions for immunotherapy and immunomodulation","volume":"241","author":"Farhadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-019-00426-4","article-title":"Effect of CSE on M1\/M2 polarization in alveolar and peritoneal macrophages at different concentrations and exposure in vitro","volume":"56","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"In Vitro Cell Dev. Biol. Anim."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2014.08.003","article-title":"Parasitic mites of medical and veterinary importance\u2013is there a common research agenda?","volume":"44","author":"Fischer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.2174\/1568010054022024","article-title":"Macrophages in inflammation","volume":"4","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets-Inflam. Aller."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12910","article-title":"Implications of macrophage polarization in autoimmunity","volume":"154","author":"Funes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370213518169","article-title":"Mouse bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells induce macrophage M2 polarization through the nuclear factor-\u03baB and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathways","volume":"239","author":"Gao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12900","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12900","article-title":"Immune mechanisms in human Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae) infestations","volume":"44","author":"Gazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Paras. Immunol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-022-00384-y","article-title":"The role of macrophage subtypes and exosomes in immunomodulation","volume":"27","author":"Gharavi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00230-3","article-title":"A family of galectins from Haemonchus contortus","volume":"107","author":"Greenhalgh","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci8100216","article-title":"Teladorsagia circumcincta galectin-mucosal interactome in sheep","volume":"8","author":"Hafidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Veter. Sci."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13870","article-title":"Pruritus in ordinary scabies: IL-31 from macrophages induced by overexpression of thymic stromal lymphopoietin and periostin","volume":"74","author":"Hashimoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6438","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0902009","article-title":"Arginase I suppresses IL-12\/IL-23p40\u2013driven intestinal inflammation during acute schistosomiasis","volume":"184","author":"Herbert","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.200900195","article-title":"Parasite annexins\u2013new molecules with potential for drug and vaccine development","volume":"32","author":"Hofmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.112.659656","article-title":"Microglia\/macrophage polarization dynamics reveal novel mechanism of injury expansion after focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"43","author":"Hu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2015.07.011","article-title":"The functions of microRNAs: mRNA decay and translational repression","volume":"25","author":"Iwakawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6113","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules18056113","article-title":"The ameliorative effect of sophoricoside on mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation in vivo and in vitro","volume":"18","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"896450","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.896450","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of donkey hide gelatin on DNCB-induced atopic dermatitis in NC\/Nga mice","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01175","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of macrophages polarization by MicroRNAs","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2\u2013 \u0394\u0394CT method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952104","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.952104","article-title":"Secreted filarial nematode galectins modulate host immune cells","volume":"13","author":"Loghry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10071146","article-title":"Immunohistochemical assessment of immune response in the dermis of Sarcoptes scabiei-infested wild carnivores (wolf and fox) and ruminants (chamois and red deer)","volume":"10","author":"Mart\u00ednez","year":"2020"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3512","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-13-3013","article-title":"Galectin-1 drives pancreatic carcinogenesis through stroma remodeling and Hedgehog signaling activation","volume":"74","author":"Mart\u00ednez-Bosch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.01.021","article-title":"Endogenous lectins shape the function of dendritic cells and tailor adaptive immunity: mechanisms and biomedical applications","volume":"11","author":"Mascanfroni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003498","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003498","article-title":"Prospective study in a porcine model of Sarcoptes scabiei indicates the association of Th2 and Th17 pathways with the clinical severity of scabies","volume":"9","author":"Mounsey","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"journal-title":"Molecular mechanism of ZLW regulating SmAP intervention in host macrophage polarization","year":"2019","author":"Na","key":"B37"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64959-0","article-title":"Galectin-3 induces endothelial cell morphogenesis and angiogenesis","volume":"156","author":"Nangia-Makker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-020-00181-7","article-title":"Sequential histopathological changes and cytokine expressions in dogs naturally infested with sarcoptes scabiei mites","volume":"65","author":"Nwufoh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22223","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M302693200","article-title":"Specific recognition of Leishmania major poly-\u03b2-galactosyl epitopes by galectin-9: possible implication of galectin-9 in interaction between L. major and host cells","volume":"278","author":"Pelletier","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000371","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000371","article-title":"Arginase-1 expressing macrophages suppress Th2 cytokine\u2013driven inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"5","author":"Pesce","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.7150\/ntno.30052","article-title":"Biological effects of nanoparticles on macrophage polarization in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"3","author":"Reichel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanotheranostics."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2872","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002872","article-title":"Scabies mite inactive serine proteases are potent inhibitors of the human complement lectin pathway","volume":"8","author":"Reynolds","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00132-2","article-title":"Prevalence of scabies and impetigo worldwide: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Romani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04038-w","article-title":"Angiostrongylus cantonensis Galectin-1 interacts with Annexin A2 to impair the viability of macrophages via activating JNK pathway","volume":"13","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Paras. Vectors."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32479-1","article-title":"The public health control of scabies: priorities for research and action","volume":"394","author":"Stienstra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00371639","article-title":"Histamine metabolism in delayed type hypersensitivity-Comparative analysis with cellular infiltrates","volume":"282","author":"Tachibana","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol Res."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanwpc.2020.100081","article-title":"Scabies and impetigo in Samoa: a school-based clinical and molecular epidemiological study","volume":"6","author":"Taiaroa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health-Western Pacif."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xpro.2020.100246","article-title":"Preparation and culture of bone marrow-derived macrophages from mice for functional analysis","volume":"2","author":"Toda","year":"2021","journal-title":"STAR Protoc."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2007.11.002","article-title":"Characterization of a galectin-like activity from the parasitic nematode, Haemonchus contortus, which modulates ovine eosinophil migration in vitro","volume":"122","author":"Turner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3RU1018-378RR","article-title":"M2b macrophage polarization and its roles in diseases","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"volume-title":"Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A Strategic Framework For Integrated Control and Management of Skin-Related Neglected Tropical Diseases.","year":"2022","key":"B52"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105576","article-title":"A sweet spot for macrophages: Focusing on polarization","volume":"167","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6737","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3575-17.2018","article-title":"Galectin-3 in M2 macrophages plays a protective role in resolution of neuropathology in brain parasitic infection by regulating neutrophil turnover","volume":"38","author":"Zangbede","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1251475\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]],"date-time":"2023-08-24T18:45:03Z","timestamp":1692902703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1251475\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1251475"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1251475","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-302X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,24]]},"article-number":"1251475"}}