{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,6]],"date-time":"2025-08-06T12:17:37Z","timestamp":1754482657988,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Achromobacter<\/jats:italic> is a genus of gram-negative bacteria that can act as opportunistic pathogens. Recent studies have revealed that some species of <jats:italic>Achromobacter<\/jats:italic> show inherent resistance to \u03b2-lactams, but the resistance mechanisms of <jats:italic>Achromobacter mucicolens<\/jats:italic> have rarely been reported.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>The bacterium was isolated using standard laboratory procedures. The agar dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). Genome sequencing was performed using the PacBio RS II and Illumina HiSeq 2500 platforms, and the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) was used to annotate the drug resistance genes. The localization of the novel \u03b2-lactamase AMZ-1 was determined, and its characteristics were determined via molecular cloning and enzyme kinetic analysis. The phylogenetic relationship and comparative genomic analysis of the resistance gene-related sequences were also analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Result<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Achromobacter mucicolens<\/jats:italic> Y3, isolated from a goose on a farm in Wenzhou, showed resistance to multiple antibiotics, including penicillins and cephalosporins. <jats:italic>Bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>AMZ\u20131<\/jats:sub> showed resistance to amoxicillin, penicillin G, ampicillin, cephalothin and cefoxitin, and the resistance activity could be inhibited by \u03b2-lactamase inhibitors. Enzyme kinetic analysis results showed that AMZ-1 has hydrolytic activity against a wide range of substrates, including cephalothin, amoxicillin, penicillin G, and cefoxitin but not ampicillin. The hydrolytic activity of AMZ-1 was greatly inhibited by avibactam but much more weakly inhibited by tazobactam. Mobile genetic elements could not be found around the <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>AMZ\u20131<\/jats:sub>-like genes, which are conserved on the chromosomes of bacteria of the genus <jats:italic>Achromobacter<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, a novel AmpC gene, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>AMZ\u20131<\/jats:sub>, from the animal-origin bacterium <jats:italic>A. mucicolens<\/jats:italic> Y3 was identified and characterized. It conferred resistance to some penicillins and first- and second-generation cephalosporins. The identification of this novel resistance gene will be beneficial for the selection of effective antimicrobials to treat associated infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1252427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T22:26:11Z","timestamp":1695335171000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Identification and characterization of a novel \u03b2-lactamase gene, blaAMZ\u20131, from Achromobacter mucicolens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingxuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guozhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naru","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuning","family":"Sha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junwan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueya","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiaoling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hailin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kewei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiyu","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.5414\/cnp71350","article-title":"Achromobacter xylosoxidans, an emerging pathogen in catheter-related infection in dialysis population causing prosthetic valve endocarditis: A case report and review of literature.","volume":"71","author":"Ahmed","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01916-21","article-title":"Genomic insights into Achromobacter mucicolens IA antibiotic resistance.","volume":"10","author":"Al-Asadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.1980.0049","article-title":"The structure of beta-lactamases.","volume":"289","author":"Ambler","year":"1980","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3997","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv494","article-title":"MSA: An R package for multiple sequence alignment.","volume":"31","author":"Bodenhofer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-021-01101-x","article-title":"Sensitive protein alignments at tree-of-life scale using DIAMOND.","volume":"18","author":"Buchfink","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025247","article-title":"\u03b2-Lactams and \u03b2-Lactamase inhibitors: An overview.","volume":"6","author":"Bush","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.4.851","article-title":"Kinetic interactions of tazobactam with beta-lactamases from all major structural classes.","volume":"37","author":"Bush","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"journal-title":"Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, M100","year":"2021","key":"B34"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01463-07","article-title":"Characterization of a naturally occurring class D \u03b2-Lactamase from Achromobacter xylosoxidans.","volume":"52","author":"Doi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05640-11","article-title":"Genetic and biochemical characterization of a novel metallo-\u03b2-lactamase, TMB-1, from an Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain isolated in Tripoli, Libya.","volume":"56","author":"El Salabi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btab007","article-title":"clinker and clustermap.js: Automatic generation of gene cluster comparison figures.","volume":"37","author":"Gilchrist","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1025","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01025-20","article-title":"Achromobacter infections and treatment options.","volume":"64","author":"Isler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00036-08","article-title":"AmpC \u03b2-Lactamases.","volume":"22","author":"Jacoby","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07641-9","article-title":"High throughput ANI analysis of 90K prokaryotic genomes reveals clear species boundaries.","volume":"9","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","article-title":"MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability.","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2567","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409727102","article-title":"Genomic insights that advance the species definition for prokaryotes.","volume":"102","author":"Konstantinidis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms.","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btl529","article-title":"Interactive tree of life (iTOL): An online tool for phylogenetic tree display and annotation.","volume":"23","author":"Letunic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2007.01.015","article-title":"\u03b2-Lactam resistance and \u03b2-lactamases in bacteria of animal origin.","volume":"121","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00621","article-title":"Hospital acquired pneumonia due to Achromobacter spp. in a geriatric ward in China: Clinical characteristic, genome variability, biofilm production, antibiotic resistance and integron in isolated strains.","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.3.716-720.2004","article-title":"Resistance to cefepime and cefpirome due to a 4-amino-acid deletion in the chromosome-encoded AmpC beta-lactamase of a Serratia marcescens clinical isolate.","volume":"48","author":"Mammeri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.1.176","article-title":"Sequences of homologous beta-lactamases from clinical isolates of Serratia marcescens with different substrate specificities.","volume":"42","author":"Matsumura","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00419-13","article-title":"The comprehensive antibiotic resistance database.","volume":"57","author":"McArthur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.03.015","article-title":"Characterisation of OXA-258 enzymes and AxyABM efflux pump in Achromobacter ruhlandii.","volume":"14","author":"Papalia","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03144-14","article-title":"Genetic and kinetic characterization of the novel AmpC \u03b2-Lactamases DHA-6 and DHA-7.","volume":"58","author":"P\u00e9rez-Llarena","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.8.2331-2339.2001","article-title":"Mutation in Serratia marcescens AmpC beta-lactamase producing high-level resistance to ceftazidime and cefpirome.","volume":"45","author":"Raimondi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19126","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0906412106","article-title":"Shifting the genomic gold standard for the prokaryotic species definition.","volume":"106","author":"Richter","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu153","article-title":"Prokka: Rapid prokaryotic genome annotation.","volume":"30","author":"Seemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D694","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa957","article-title":"gcType: A high-quality type strain genome database for microbial phylogenetic and functional research.","volume":"49","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201406-288FR","article-title":"Achromobacter respiratory infections.","volume":"12","author":"Swenson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz173","article-title":"A primer on AmpC \u03b2-Lactamases: Necessary knowledge for an increasingly multidrug-resistant world.","volume":"69","author":"Tamma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"journal-title":"GNU Parallel 20210922 (\u2018Vindelev\u2019).","year":"2021","author":"Tange","key":"B31"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0112963","article-title":"Pilon: An integrated tool for comprehensive microbial variant detection and genome assembly improvement.","volume":"9","author":"Walker","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1005595","article-title":"Unicycler: Resolving bacterial genome assemblies from short and long sequencing reads.","volume":"13","author":"Wick","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1252427\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T22:26:15Z","timestamp":1695335175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1252427\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1252427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1252427","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1664-302X"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]]},"article-number":"1252427"}}