{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:52:15Z","timestamp":1790718735951,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-21-CE15-0041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-21-CE15-0041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mosquito-borne flaviviruses include many viruses that are important human pathogens, including Yellow fever virus, Dengue virus, Zika virus and West Nile virus. While these viruses have long been confined to tropical regions, they now pose a global public health concern, as the geographical distribution of their mosquito vectors has dramatically expanded. The constant threat of flavivirus emergence and re-emergence underlines the need for a better understanding of the relationships between these viruses and their hosts. In particular, unraveling how these viruses manage to bypass antiviral immune mechanisms could enable the design of countermeasures to limit their impact on human health. The body\u2019s first line of defense against viral infections is provided by the interferon (IFN) response. This antiviral defense mechanism takes place in two waves, namely the induction of type I IFNs triggered by viral infection, followed by the IFN signaling pathway, which leads to the synthesis of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), whose products inhibit viral replication. In order to spread throughout the body, viruses must race against time to replicate before this IFN-induced antiviral state hinders their dissemination. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge on the multiple strategies developed by mosquito-borne flaviviruses to interfere with innate immune detection and signaling pathways, in order to delay, if not prevent, the establishment of an antiviral response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1257024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T09:42:21Z","timestamp":1698658941000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Mosquito-borne flaviviruses and type I interferon: catch me if you can!"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jim","family":"Zoladek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien","family":"Nisole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17037","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2017.37","article-title":"Dengue virus NS2B protein targets cGAS for degradation and prevents mitochondrial DNA sensing during infection","volume":"2","author":"Aguirre","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002934","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002934","article-title":"DENV inhibits type I IFN production in infected cells by cleaving human STING","volume":"8","author":"Aguirre","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.3390\/v14050968","article-title":"Flavivirus capsid proteins inhibit the interferon response","volume":"14","author":"Airo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0801.010252","article-title":"Efficacy of interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin against West Nile virus in vitro","volume":"8","author":"Anderson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00500-13","article-title":"Dengue virus subverts the interferon induction pathway via NS2B\/3 protease-I\u03baB kinase epsilon interaction","volume":"21","author":"Angler\u00f3-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5408","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02188-08","article-title":"NS5 of dengue virus mediates STAT2 binding and degradation","volume":"83","author":"Ashour","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.10.007","article-title":"Mouse STAT2 restricts early dengue virus replication","volume":"8","author":"Ashour","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.03.005","article-title":"Plasmacytoid dendritic cells and infected cells form an Interferogenic synapse required for antiviral responses","volume":"25","author":"Assil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s12250-020-00208-3","article-title":"The Restrictome of Flaviviruses","volume":"35","author":"Berthoux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virol. Sin."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01970","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01970-16","article-title":"The many faces of the Flavivirus NS5 protein in antagonism of type I interferon signaling","volume":"91","author":"Best","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12060","article-title":"The global distribution and burden of dengue","volume":"496","author":"Bhatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02691.x","article-title":"West Nile fever in Israel 1999-2000: from geese to humans","volume":"951","author":"Bin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-3542(98)00063-1","article-title":"Interferon-alpha protects mice against lethal infection with St Louis encephalitis virus delivered by the aerosol and subcutaneous routes","volume":"41","author":"Brooks","year":"1999","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204993612211026","DOI":"10.1177\/20499361221102664","article-title":"Acute neurologic emerging flaviviruses","volume":"9","author":"Caldwell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00368-7","article-title":"West Nile virus","volume":"2","author":"Campbell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E9172","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1807690115","article-title":"Deconvolution of pro- and antiviral genomic responses in Zika virus-infected and bystander macrophages","volume":"115","author":"Carlin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890750","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.890750","article-title":"Variability in susceptibility to type I interferon response and subgenomic RNA accumulation between clinical isolates of dengue and Zika virus from Oaxaca Mexico correlate with replication efficiency in human cells and disease severity","volume":"12","author":"Castro-Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3393","article-title":"A phosphomimetic-based mechanism of dengue virus to antagonize innate immunity","volume":"17","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975398","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.975398","article-title":"Serological cross-reactivity among common flaviviruses","volume":"12","author":"Chan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.11.017","article-title":"Zika virus infection in dexamethasone-immunosuppressed mice demonstrating disseminated infection with multi-organ involvement including Orchitis effectively treated by recombinant type I interferons","volume":"14","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1250897","article-title":"The structural basis of pathogenic subgenomic flavivirus RNA (sfRNA) production","volume":"344","author":"Chapman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-020-0101-0","article-title":"Yellow fever control: current epidemiology and vaccination strategies","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Dis. Travel Med. Vaccines"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/s0166-3542(02)00185-7","article-title":"Interferon, ribavirin, 6-azauridine and glycyrrhizin: antiviral compounds active against pathogenic flaviviruses","volume":"58","author":"Crance","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12737","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12737","article-title":"Inhibition of type I interferon induction and signalling by mosquito-borne flaviviruses","volume":"19","author":"Cumberworth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10349","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00935-08","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 3 has a protective role against West Nile virus infection","volume":"82","author":"Daffis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09489","article-title":"2\u2032-O methylation of the viral mRNA cap evades host restriction by IFIT family members","volume":"468","author":"Daffis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00553","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00553-15","article-title":"Dengue virus NS proteins inhibit RIG-I\/MAVS signaling by blocking TBK1\/IRF3 phosphorylation: dengue virus serotype 1 NS4A is a unique interferon-regulating virulence determinant","volume":"6","author":"Dalrymple","year":"2015","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1710.110525","article-title":"Outbreak of West Nile virus infection in Greece, 2010","volume":"17","author":"Danis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2675","article-title":"Conventional and unconventional mechanisms for capping viral mRNA","volume":"10","author":"Decroly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.112408.134012","article-title":"Organelle-like membrane compartmentalization of positive-strand RNA virus replication factories","volume":"64","author":"Den Boon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4957","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.74.11.4957-4966.2000","article-title":"Modulation of dengue virus infection in human cells by alpha, beta, and gamma interferons","volume":"74","author":"Diamond","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E6310","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803406115","article-title":"Species-specific disruption of STING-dependent antiviral cellular defenses by the Zika virus NS2B3 protease","volume":"115","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2017.1397656","article-title":"TLRs\/NLRs: shaping the landscape of host immunity","volume":"37","author":"Dolasia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805715","article-title":"Zika virus outbreak on Yap Island, Federated States of Micronesia","volume":"360","author":"Duffy","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12392","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02149-13","article-title":"Dynamic viral dissemination in mice infected with yellow fever virus strain 17D","volume":"87","author":"Erickson","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2010.0126","article-title":"West Nile virus infection induces depletion of IFNAR1 protein levels","volume":"24","author":"Evans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1935613","article-title":"Zika virus NS2A inhibits interferon signaling by degradation of STAT1 and STAT2","volume":"12","author":"Fanunza","year":"","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2448","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122448","article-title":"INMI1 Zika virus NS4B antagonizes the interferon signaling by suppressing STAT1 phosphorylation","volume":"13","author":"Fanunza","year":"","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf5036","article-title":"Zika virus in the Americas: early epidemiological and genetic findings","volume":"352","author":"Faria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.04.001","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Flavivirus infections: using and abusing the host cell","volume":"5","author":"Fernandez-Garcia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.041","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and the control of immunity","volume":"180","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/ni921","article-title":"IKKepsilon and TBK1 are essential components of the IRF3 signaling pathway","volume":"4","author":"Fitzgerald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1684\/vir.2018.0749","article-title":"Usutu virus: let\u2019s be vigilant","volume":"22","author":"Foulongne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virologie (Montrouge)"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.80.6.2913-2923.2006","article-title":"West Nile virus evades activation of interferon regulatory factor 3 through RIG-I-dependent and -independent pathways without antagonizing host defense signaling","volume":"80","author":"Fredericksen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01305-07","article-title":"Establishment and maintenance of the innate antiviral response to West Nile virus involves both RIG-I and MDA5 signaling through IPS-1","volume":"82","author":"Fredericksen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8555","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.21.8555","article-title":"ISGF3, the transcriptional activator induced by interferon alpha, consists of multiple interacting polypeptide chains","volume":"87","author":"Fu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.09.013","article-title":"Innate immune escape by dengue and West Nile viruses","volume":"20","author":"Gack","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05732","article-title":"TRIM25 RING-finger E3 ubiquitin ligase is essential for RIG-I-mediated antiviral activity","volume":"446","author":"Gack","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1240933","article-title":"Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is an innate immune sensor of HIV and other retroviruses","volume":"341","author":"Gao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1010271","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010271","article-title":"A yellow fever virus NS4B inhibitor not only suppresses viral replication, but also enhances the virus activation of RIG-I-like receptor-mediated innate immune response","volume":"18","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1684\/ecn.2017.0394","article-title":"Skin innate immune response to flaviviral infection","volume":"28","author":"Garcia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001638","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001638","article-title":"Yellow fever in Africa: estimating the burden of disease and impact of mass vaccination from outbreak and serological data","volume":"11","author":"Garske","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10438","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00986-10","article-title":"The endoplasmic reticulum provides the membrane platform for biogenesis of the flavivirus replication complex","volume":"84","author":"Gillespie","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.05.007","article-title":"Cytosolic sensing of viruses","volume":"38","author":"Goubau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.05.009","article-title":"Zika virus targets human STAT2 to inhibit type I interferon signaling","volume":"19","author":"Grant","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.3.1343-1350.2005","article-title":"West Nile virus inhibits the signal transduction pathway of alpha interferon","volume":"79","author":"Guo","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8880","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00354-15","article-title":"Biology of Zika virus infection in human skin cells","volume":"89","author":"Hamel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref58","first-page":"332","article-title":"The effect of interferon-alpha a on two cases of Japanese encephalitis in Thailand","volume":"16","author":"Harinasuta","year":"1985","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02682.x","article-title":"West Nile virus: Uganda, 1937, to new York City, 1999","volume":"951","author":"Hayes","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7219","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00221-16","article-title":"Dengue virus subverts host innate immunity by targeting adaptor protein MAVS","volume":"90","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8163","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.12.8163","article-title":"Dengue virus type 2 antagonizes IFN-alpha but not IFN-gamma antiviral effect via down-regulating Tyk2-STAT signaling in the human dendritic cell","volume":"174","author":"Ho","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Baltim. Md"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-019-0308-9","article-title":"Zika virus antagonizes interferon response in patients and disrupts RIG-I-MAVS interaction through its CARD-TM domains","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.1957.0048","article-title":"Virus interference. I. The interferon","volume":"147","author":"Isaacs","year":"1957","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07317","article-title":"STING is an endoplasmic reticulum adaptor that facilitates innate immune signalling","volume":"455","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3581","article-title":"Regulation of type I interferon responses","volume":"14","author":"Ivashkiv","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(99)05384-2","article-title":"Genetic analysis of West Nile New York 1999 encephalitis virus","volume":"354","author":"Jia","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet (North American ed)"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5414","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.9.5414-5420.2005","article-title":"Dengue virus inhibits alpha interferon signaling by reducing STAT2 expression","volume":"79","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2006.08.008","article-title":"Comparison of the inhibitory effects of interferon alfacon-1 and ribavirin on yellow fever virus infection in a hamster model","volume":"73","author":"Julander","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2011.01052.x","article-title":"RIG-I-like receptors: cytoplasmic sensors for non-self RNA","volume":"243","author":"Kato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04734","article-title":"Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses","volume":"441","author":"Kato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/nri888","article-title":"Viruses and interferon: a fight for supremacy","volume":"2","author":"Katze","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1863","article-title":"The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on toll-like receptors","volume":"11","author":"Kawai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9424","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00768-06","article-title":"Resistance to alpha\/beta interferon is a determinant of West Nile virus replication fitness and virulence","volume":"80","author":"Keller","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201642627","article-title":"Zika virus inhibits type-I interferon production and downstream signaling","volume":"17","author":"Kumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3109\/08830185.2010.529976","article-title":"Pathogen recognition by the innate immune system","volume":"30","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01161-09","article-title":"The NS5 protein of the virulent West Nile virus NY99 strain is a potent antagonist of type I interferon-mediated JAK-STAT signaling","volume":"84","author":"Laurent-Rolle","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.07.015","article-title":"The interferon signaling antagonist function of yellow fever virus NS5 protein is activated by type I interferon","volume":"16","author":"Laurent-Rolle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02180","article-title":"Flavivirus receptors: diversity, identity, and cell entry","volume":"9","author":"Laureti","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4864","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00252-16","article-title":"Zika virus: new clinical syndromes and its emergence in the Western hemisphere","volume":"90","author":"Lazear","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.03.010","article-title":"A mouse model of Zika virus pathogenesis","volume":"19","author":"Lazear","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2208","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002208","article-title":"Review of climate, landscape, and viral genetics as drivers of the Japanese encephalitis virus ecology","volume":"7","author":"Le Flohic","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.2.777-782.2003","article-title":"Interferons, interferon inducers, and interferon-ribavirin in treatment of flavivirus-induced encephalitis in mice","volume":"47","author":"Leyssen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref83","first-page":"15","article-title":"Use of leukocyte interferon during an epidemic outbreak of haemorragic dengue (type II) in Cuba","volume":"1","author":"Limonta Vidal","year":"1984","journal-title":"Interf. Biotecnol."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5908","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02714-05","article-title":"Blocking of interferon-induced Jak-Stat signaling by Japanese encephalitis virus NS5 through a protein tyrosine phosphatase-mediated mechanism","volume":"80","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007582","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007582","article-title":"The 14-3-3\u03b7 chaperone protein promotes antiviral innate immunity via facilitating MDA5 oligomerization and intracellular redistribution","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9285","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.17.9285-9294.2004","article-title":"Blocking of the alpha interferon-induced Jak-Stat signaling pathway by Japanese encephalitis virus infection","volume":"78","author":"Lin","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2018.11.009","article-title":"Zika virus NS5 protein antagonizes type I interferon production via blocking TBK1 activation","volume":"527","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2012.04.006","article-title":"The mitochondrial targeting chaperone 14-3-3\u03b5 regulates a RIG-I translocon that mediates membrane association and innate antiviral immunity","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.3.1934-1942.2005","article-title":"Inhibition of interferon signaling by the New York 99 strain and Kunjin subtype of West Nile virus involves blockage of STAT1 and STAT2 activation by nonstructural proteins","volume":"79","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.18654-0","article-title":"Role of type I and type II interferon responses in recovery from infection with an encephalitic flavivirus","volume":"84","author":"Lobigs","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01080-07","article-title":"Distinct RIG-I and MDA5 signaling by RNA viruses in innate immunity","volume":"82","author":"Loo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.05.003","article-title":"Immune signaling by RIG-I-like receptors","volume":"34","author":"Loo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.06.007","article-title":"Flavivirus antagonism of type I interferon signaling reveals Prolidase as a regulator of IFNAR1 surface expression","volume":"18","author":"Lubick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01350","article-title":"Zika virus non-structural protein 4A blocks the RLR-MAVS signaling","volume":"9","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab3369","article-title":"Dengue subgenomic RNA binds TRIM25 to inhibit interferon expression for epidemiological fitness","volume":"350","author":"Manokaran","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines8020256","article-title":"West Nile virus restriction in mosquito and human cells: a virus under confinement","volume":"8","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2066","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.03.015","article-title":"A recombinant DNA vaccine protects mice deficient in the alpha\/beta interferon receptor against lethal challenge with Usutu virus","volume":"34","author":"Mart\u00edn-Acebes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1086\/605847","article-title":"Dengue virus NS5 inhibits interferon-alpha signaling by blocking signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 phosphorylation","volume":"200","author":"Mazzon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.34.2.2369","article-title":"West Nile virus","volume":"34","author":"McVey","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech. Int. Off. Epizoot."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000614","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000614","article-title":"A mouse model for studying viscerotropic disease caused by yellow fever virus infection","volume":"5","author":"Meier","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0476-8","article-title":"The current and future global distribution and population at risk of dengue","volume":"4","author":"Messina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2017.05.146","article-title":"Antagonism of type I interferon by flaviviruses","volume":"492","author":"Miorin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1600651","article-title":"Zika virus associated with microcephaly","volume":"374","author":"Mlakar","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1177\/095632020401500202","article-title":"Effect of interferon-alpha and interferon-inducers on West Nile virus in mouse and hamster animal models","volume":"15","author":"Morrey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antivir. Chem. Chemother."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003265","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003265","article-title":"Dengue virus co-opts UBR4 to degrade STAT2 and antagonize type I interferon signaling","volume":"9","author":"Morrison","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1067","article-title":"A structural perspective of the flavivirus life cycle","volume":"3","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8004","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.13.8004-8013.2005","article-title":"Inhibition of alpha\/beta interferon signaling by the NS4B protein of flaviviruses","volume":"79","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Jord\u00e1n","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14333","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2335168100","article-title":"Inhibition of interferon signaling by dengue virus","volume":"100","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Jord\u00e1n","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1808246","article-title":"Zika virus infection \u2014 after the pandemic","volume":"381","author":"Musso","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e926","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000926","article-title":"RIG-I, MDA5 and TLR3 synergistically play an important role in restriction of dengue virus infection","volume":"5","author":"Nasirudeen","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2079","article-title":"The family of five: TIR-domain-containing adaptors in toll-like receptor signalling","volume":"7","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ra3","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2004577","article-title":"The ubiquitin-specific protease USP15 promotes RIG-I-mediated antiviral signaling by deubiquitylating TRIM25","volume":"7","author":"Pauli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0714-0","article-title":"The continued threat of emerging flaviviruses","volume":"5","author":"Pierson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.10.007","article-title":"A highly structured, nuclease-resistant, noncoding RNA produced by flaviviruses is required for pathogenicity","volume":"4","author":"Pijlman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01050","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01050-20","article-title":"TLR3 activation by Zika virus stimulates inflammatory cytokine production which dampens the antiviral response induced by RIG-I-like receptors","volume":"95","author":"Plociennikowska","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0590-7","article-title":"Flavivirus NS1: a multifaceted enigmatic viral protein","volume":"13","author":"Rastogi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8362","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00814-06","article-title":"West Nile virus 5\u2032-cap structure is formed by sequential guanine N-7 and ribose 2\u2019-O methylations by nonstructural protein 5","volume":"80","author":"Ray","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1126\/science.4023707","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence of yellow fever virus: implications for flavivirus gene expression and evolution","volume":"229","author":"Rice","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.09.012","article-title":"Zika virus NS3 mimics a cellular 14-3-3-binding motif to antagonize RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated innate immunity","volume":"26","author":"Riedl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(97)12483-7","article-title":"Dengue and dengue haemorrhagic fever","volume":"352","author":"Rigau-P\u00e9rez","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9760","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01051-10","article-title":"Inhibition of the type I interferon response in human dendritic cells by dengue virus infection requires a catalytically active NS2B3 complex","volume":"84","author":"Rodriguez-Madoz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009190","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009190","article-title":"A 20-year historical review of West Nile virus since its initial emergence in North America: has West Nile virus become a neglected tropical disease?","volume":"15","author":"Ronca","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13350","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.21.13350-13361.2005","article-title":"Alpha\/beta interferon protects against lethal West Nile virus infection by restricting cellular tropism and enhancing neuronal survival","volume":"79","author":"Samuel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1496401","article-title":"Interferon-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation of a latent cytoplasmic transcription factor","volume":"257","author":"Schindler","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032713-120231","article-title":"Interferon-stimulated genes: a complex web of host defenses","volume":"32","author":"Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12862","article-title":"Pan-viral specificity of IFN-induced genes reveals new roles for cGAS in innate immunity","volume":"505","author":"Schoggins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09907","article-title":"A diverse range of gene products are effectors of the type I interferon antiviral response","volume":"472","author":"Schoggins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5708","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00207-12","article-title":"West Nile virus noncoding subgenomic RNA contributes to viral evasion of the type I interferon-mediated antiviral response","volume":"86","author":"Schuessler","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2701","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.78.6.2701-2710.2004","article-title":"Interferon-dependent immunity is essential for resistance to primary dengue virus infection in mice, whereas T- and B-cell-dependent immunity are less critical","volume":"78","author":"Shresta","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadd8095","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.add8095","article-title":"Zika virus noncoding RNA cooperates with the viral protein NS5 to inhibit STAT1 phosphorylation and facilitate viral pathogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Slonchak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2016.1230974","article-title":"Waiting in the wings: the potential of mosquito transmitted flaviviruses to emerge","volume":"43","author":"Smith","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(03)12709-2","article-title":"Interferon alfa-2a in Japanese encephalitis: a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"361","author":"Solomon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000017","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000017","article-title":"IFN-lambda (IFN-lambda) is expressed in a tissue-dependent fashion and primarily acts on epithelial cells in vivo","volume":"4","author":"Sommereyns","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-023-00957-0","article-title":"Flavivirus pr M interacts with MDA5 and MAVS to inhibit RLR antiviral signaling","volume":"13","author":"Sui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Biosci."},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.10.022","article-title":"Functional characterization of ex vivo blood myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells after infection with dengue virus","volume":"383","author":"Sun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.11.087","article-title":"Transcriptional changes during naturally-acquired Zika virus infection render dendritic cells highly conducive to viral replication","volume":"21","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3594","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-03932-1","article-title":"Dengue virus activates cGAS through the release of mitochondrial DNA","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"786","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1232458","article-title":"Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase is a cytosolic DNA sensor that activates the type I interferon pathway","volume":"339","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00716.x","article-title":"Interferon signalling network in innate defence","volume":"8","author":"Takaoka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.022","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors and inflammation","volume":"140","author":"Takeuchi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1006258","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006258","article-title":"A novel Zika virus mouse model reveals strain specific differences in virus pathogenesis and host inflammatory immune responses","volume":"13","author":"Tripathi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2008.01277.x","article-title":"Human TLR3 recognizes dengue virus and modulates viral replication in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Tsai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2022.10.005","article-title":"Yellow fever: a perennial threat","volume":"53","author":"Tuells","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7395","DOI":"10.1038\/srep07395","article-title":"The dengue virus conceals double-stranded RNA in the intracellular membrane to escape from an interferon response","volume":"4","author":"Uchida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2021.1996059","article-title":"Pathogenesis and virulence of flavivirus infections","volume":"12","author":"van Leur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7114","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.10.7114","article-title":"Flavivirus activation of Plasmacytoid dendritic cells delineates key elements of TLR7 signaling beyond endosomal recognition 1","volume":"177","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.03.007","article-title":"Composition and three-dimensional architecture of the dengue virus replication and assembly sites","volume":"5","author":"Welsch","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17006","DOI":"10.1038\/celldisc.2017.6","article-title":"Zika virus evades interferon-mediated antiviral response through the co-operation of multiple nonstructural proteins in vitro","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02816-2","article-title":"An evolutionary NS1 mutation enhances Zika virus evasion of host interferon induction","volume":"9","author":"Xia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3442","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201300001","article-title":"Proteomic analysis for type I interferon antagonism of Japanese encephalitis virus NS5 protein","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002780","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002780","article-title":"Dengue virus targets the adaptor protein MITA to subvert host innate immunity","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760150192","article-title":"First report of autochthonous transmission of Zika virus in Brazil","volume":"110","author":"Zanluca","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02396","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02396-16","article-title":"West Nile virus NS1 antagonizes interferon Beta production by targeting RIG-I and MDA5","volume":"91","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e99347","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201899347","article-title":"Zika virus elicits inflammation to evade antiviral response by cleaving cGAS via NS1-caspase-1 axis","volume":"37","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3390\/v12090979","article-title":"Innate immune DNA sensing of Flaviviruses","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0091421","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00914-21","article-title":"Generation and characterization of human-mouse STING chimeras that allow DENV replication in mouse cells","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1979","article-title":"Ribose 2\u2019-O-methylation provides a molecular signature for the distinction of self and non-self mRNA dependent on the RNA sensor Mda5","volume":"12","author":"Z\u00fcst","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1257024\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T09:42:26Z","timestamp":1698658946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1257024\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"references-count":157,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1257024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1257024","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"article-number":"1257024"}}