{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T15:01:59Z","timestamp":1775746919260,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>O26 is the commonest non-O157 Shiga toxin (<jats:italic>stx<\/jats:italic>)-producing <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> serogroup reported in human infections worldwide. Ruminants, particularly cattle, are the primary reservoir source for human infection. In this study, we compared the whole genomes and virulence profiles of O26:H11 strains (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200999) isolated from Scottish cattle with strains from human infections (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200996) held by the Scottish <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> O157\/STEC Reference Laboratory, isolated between 2002 and 2020. Bovine strains were from two national cross-sectional cattle surveys conducted between 2002\u20132004 and 2014\u20132015. A maximum likelihood phylogeny was constructed from a core-genome alignment with the O26:H11 strain 11368 reference genome. Genomes were screened against a panel of 2,710 virulence genes using the Virulence Finder Database. All <jats:italic>stx<\/jats:italic>-positive bovine O26:H11 strains belonged to the ST21 lineage and were grouped into three main clades. Bovine and human source strains were interspersed, and the <jats:italic>stx<\/jats:italic> subtype was relatively clade-specific. Highly pathogenic <jats:italic>stx<\/jats:italic>2a-only ST21 strains were identified in two herds sampled in the second cattle survey and in human clinical infections from 2010 onwards. The closest pairwise distance was 9 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between Scottish bovine and human strains and 69 SNPs between the two cattle surveys. Bovine O26:H11 was compared to public EnteroBase ST29 complex genomes and found to have the greatest commonality with O26:H11 strains from the rest of the UK, followed by France, Italy, and Belgium. Virulence profiles of <jats:italic>stx<\/jats:italic>-positive bovine and human strains were similar but more conserved for the <jats:italic>stx2a<\/jats:italic> subtype. O26:H11 <jats:italic>stx<\/jats:italic>-negative ST29 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200917) and ST396 strains (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20095) were isolated from 19 cattle herds; all were <jats:italic>eae<\/jats:italic>-positive, and 10 of these herds yielded strains positive for <jats:italic>ehxA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>espK<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Z2098<\/jats:italic>, gene markers suggestive of enterohaemorrhagic potential. There was a significant association (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) between nucleotide sequence percent identity and <jats:italic>stx<\/jats:italic> status for the bacteriophage insertion site genes <jats:italic>yecE<\/jats:italic> for <jats:italic>stx2<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>yehV<\/jats:italic> for <jats:italic>stx1<\/jats:italic>. Acquired antimicrobial resistance genes were identified <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> in 12.1% of bovine and 17.7% of human O26:H11 strains, with s<jats:italic>ul2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>tet<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>aph(3\u2033),<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>aph(6\u2033)<\/jats:italic> being most common. This study describes the diversity among Scottish bovine O26:H11 strains and investigates their relationship to human STEC infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1260422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]],"date-time":"2023-11-06T13:16:57Z","timestamp":1699276617000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Phylogenetic relationship and virulence composition of Escherichia coli O26:H11 cattle and human strain collections in Scotland; 2002\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Deborah V.","family":"Hoyle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bryan A.","family":"Wee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kareen","family":"Macleod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margo E.","family":"Chase-Topping","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew G.","family":"Bease","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sue C.","family":"Tongue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David L.","family":"Gally","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Delannoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Fach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George J.","family":"Gunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Holmes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lesley","family":"Allison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W16","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw387","article-title":"PHASTER: a better, faster version of the PHAST phage search tool","volume":"44","author":"Arndt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e739","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.739","article-title":"Insight into Shiga toxin genes encoded by Escherichia coli O157 from whole genome sequencing","volume":"3","author":"Ashton","year":"2015","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021","article-title":"SPAdes: a new genome assembly algorithm and its applications to single-cell sequencing","volume":"19","author":"Bankevich","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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