{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T13:51:14Z","timestamp":1785419474629,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> is highly pathogenic and can cause disease in both humans and domestic animals. The aim of this study was to investigate the genomic epidemiology of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> isolates from raw milk in Jiangsu Province, China, to identify predominant lineages and their associated genomic and phenotypic characteristics. In this study, we identified 117 <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> isolates collected from 1,062 samples in Jiangsu Province between 2021 and 2022. Based on whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data from 117 <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> isolates, molecular analyses indicated CC1-ST1 (26.50%, 31\/117), CC97-ST97 (18.80%, 22\/117), CC398-ST398 (10.26%, 12\/117), CC8-ST630 (7.69%, 9\/117) and CC59-ST59 (2.56%, 3\/117) were the major lineages. The prevalence of <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic>-positive strains was 11.11%. Four methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA) lineages were found, including MRSA-ST59-t172 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u20093), OS-MRSA-ST398-t011 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u20091), MRSA-ST630-t2196 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u20092) and OS-MRSA-ST630-t2196 (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u20097). Phenotypic resistance to penicillin (30.77%, 36\/117), ciprofloxacin (17.09%, 20\/117) and erythromycin (15.38%, 18\/117) was observed which corresponded with resistance genotypes. All of the isolates could produce biofilms, and 38.46% (45\/117) of isolates had invasion rates in mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) of greater than 1%. Interestingly, most biofilm-producing and invading isolates harbored <jats:italic>ebp<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>icaA<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>icaB<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>icaC<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>icaR<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>clfA<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>clfB<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>fnbA<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>fnbB<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>sdrC<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>sdrD<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>sdrE<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>map<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>can<\/jats:italic> (27.35%, 32\/117) and <jats:italic>ebp<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>icaA<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>icaB<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>icaC<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>icaD<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>icaR<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>clfA<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>clfB<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>fnbA<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>fnbB<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>sdrC<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>sdrD<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>sdrE<\/jats:italic>-<jats:italic>map<\/jats:italic> (33.33%, 39\/117) adherence-associated gene patterns and belonged to lineages CC1 and CC97, respectively. Virulence factor assays showed that 47.01% of the isolates contained at least enterotoxin genes. Isolates harboring the immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes (<jats:italic>sea<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>sak<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>chp<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>scn<\/jats:italic>) were predominantly categorized as STs 464, 398, and 59. IEC-positive ST398 and ST59 isolates contained a very high proportion of virulence genes located on prophages, whereas most IEC-negative ST398 clade isolates carried broad-spectrum drug resistance genes. Meanwhile, the IEC-positive ST398 clade showed a close genetic relationship with isolates from the pork supply chain and hospital surgical site infections. MRSA-ST59 strains showed the closest genetic relationship with an isolate from quick-frozen products. High-risk livestock-associated strains ST398 and MRSA-ST59 were detected in raw milk, indicating a potential public health risk of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> transmission between livestock and humans. Our study highlights the necessity for <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> surveillance in the dairy industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1266715","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T10:21:47Z","timestamp":1695378107000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Genomic epidemiology and characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw milk in Jiangsu, China: emerging broader host tropism strain clones ST59 and ST398"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hui","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xing","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haichang","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Craig","family":"Billington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E308","DOI":"10.15167\/2421-4248\/jpmh2017.58.4.711","article-title":"Molecular analysis of immune evasion cluster (IEC) genes and intercellular adhesion gene cluster (ICA) among methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive isolates of Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"58","author":"Ahmadrajabi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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