{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T21:32:13Z","timestamp":1794432733027,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1703116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Monkeypox virus (MPXV), which causes Monkeypox (Mpox), has recently been found outside its usual geographic distribution and has spread to 117 different nations. The World Health Organization (WHO) designated the epidemic a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Humans are at risk from MPXV\u2019s spread, which has raised concerns, particularly in the wake of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic. The risk of virus transmission may rise due to the persistence of MPXV on surfaces or in wastewater. The risk of infection may also increase due to insufficient wastewater treatment allowing the virus to survive in the environment. To manage the infection cycle, it is essential to investigate the viral shedding from various lesions, the persistence of MPXV on multiple surfaces, and the length of surface contamination. Environmental contamination may contribute to virus persistence and future infection transmission. The best possible infection control and disinfection techniques depend on this knowledge. It is thought to spread mainly through intimate contact. However, the idea of virus transmission by environmental contamination creates great concern and discussion. There are more cases of environmental surfaces and wastewater contamination. We will talk about wastewater contamination, methods of disinfection, and the present wastewater treatment in this review as well as the persistence of MPXV on various environmental surfaces.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1272498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T04:24:43Z","timestamp":1703132683000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Environmental detection and spreading of mpox in healthcare settings: a narrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Amira Mohamed","family":"Taha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basant E.","family":"Katamesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Rhman","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar Ahmed","family":"Abdelwahab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarvesh","family":"Rustagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dang","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Silva-Cajaleon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso J.","family":"Rodriguez-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aroop","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. Katterine","family":"Bonilla-Aldana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjit","family":"Sah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00228-6","article-title":"Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK","volume":"22","author":"Adler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2220415120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2220415120","article-title":"Virulence differences of mpox (monkeypox) virus clades I, IIa, and IIb. 1 in a small animal model","volume":"120","author":"Americo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1985.34.781","article-title":"Human monkeypox: a newly emerged orthopoxvirus zoonosis in the tropical rain forests of Africa","volume":"34","author":"Arita","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4561","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.16129","article-title":"Infection-competent monkeypox virus contamination identified in domestic settings following an imported case of monkeypox into the UK","volume":"24","author":"Atkinson","year":"","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2022.08.009","article-title":"Monkeypox virus contamination in an office-based workplace environment","volume":"130","author":"Atkinson","year":"","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"Doc02","DOI":"10.3205\/dgkh000287","article-title":"Virucidal efficacy of a sonicated hydrogen peroxide system (Trophon\u00ae EPR) following European and German test methods","volume":"12","author":"Becker","year":"2017","journal-title":"GMS Hyg. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007791","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007791","article-title":"A systematic review of the epidemiology of human monkeypox outbreaks and implications for outbreak strategy","volume":"13","author":"Beer","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-014-9781-0","article-title":"Inactivation of bacterial and viral biothreat agents on metallic copper surfaces","volume":"27","author":"Bleichert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed1010008","article-title":"Human monkeypox: current state of knowledge and implications for the future","volume":"1","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref10","first-page":"175","article-title":"Factors in the selection of surface disinfectants for use in a laboratory animal setting","volume":"55","author":"Campagna","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"561","article-title":"Update: multistate outbreak of monkeypox\u2014Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Ohio, and Wisconsin, 2003","volume":"52","year":"","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Environmental infection control guidelines CDC"},{"key":"ref13","unstructured":"Efficacy disinfection & sterilization guidelines guidelines library infection control CDC2008"},{"key":"ref14","unstructured":"2022 Mpox outbreak global map2022"},{"key":"ref15","unstructured":"How it spreads Mpox poxvirus CDC"},{"key":"ref16","unstructured":"Science brief: detection and transmission of Mpox (formerly monkeypox) virus during the 2022 clade IIb outbreak"},{"key":"ref17","unstructured":"Clinical recognition Mpox poxvirus CDC"},{"key":"ref18","unstructured":"If you\u2019re a close contact Mpox poxvirus CDC"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.11-0144","article-title":"Lobato ZIP susceptibility of vaccinia virus to chemical disinfectants","volume":"85","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00856-9","article-title":"Human monkeypox: an emerging zoonosis","volume":"4","author":"Di Giulio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o1314","article-title":"Investigating the monkeypox outbreak: Here\u2019s what we know, and what we need to know","author":"Dye","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-015-0091-9","article-title":"Rapid and effective virucidal activity of povidone-iodine products against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA)","volume":"4","author":"Eggers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2009.05.016","article-title":"Disinfection efficacy against parvoviruses compared with reference viruses","volume":"73","author":"Eterpi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2003.10.018","article-title":"Removal of coliphages in secondary effluent by microfiltration\u2014mechanisms of removal and impact of operating parameters","volume":"38","author":"Farahbakhsh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.7326\/M22-2183","article-title":"Detection of monkeypox virus in anorectal swabs from asymptomatic men who have sex with men in a sexually transmitted infection screening program in Paris, France","volume":"175","author":"Ferr\u00e9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000984","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000984","article-title":"Vaccinia virus-encoded ribonucleotide reductase subunits are differentially required for replication and pathogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Gammon","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2023.05.014","article-title":"Mpox virus detection in the wastewater and the number of hospitalized patients in the Poznan metropolitan area, Poland","volume":"133","author":"Gazecka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/0043-1354(80)90176-1","article-title":"Type and strain dependence of enterovirus adsorption to activated sludge, soils and estuarine sediments","volume":"14","author":"Gerba","year":"1980","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.119621","article-title":"Spanish wastewater reveals the current spread of monkeypox virus","volume":"231","author":"Gir\u00f3n-Guzm\u00e1n","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S97","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200010001-00002","article-title":"Transmission of viral respiratory infections in the home","volume":"19","author":"Goldmann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"ref31","unstructured":"Air and surface sampling for monkeypox virus in UK hospitals\n            GouldS.\n            AtkinsonB.\n            OnianwaO.\n            SpencerA.\n            FurneauxJ.\n            GrievesJ.\n          2022"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-008-9001-6","article-title":"Survival of Coronaviruses in Water and Wastewater","volume":"1","author":"Gundy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00291-9","article-title":"Monitoring monkeypox virus in saliva and air samples in Spain: a cross-sectional study","volume":"4","author":"Hernaez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.005108-0","article-title":"A prairie dog animal model of systemic orthopoxvirus disease using west African and Congo basin strains of monkeypox virus","volume":"90","author":"Hutson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01907-y","article-title":"Phylogenomic characterization and signs of microevolution in the 2022 multi-country outbreak of monkeypox virus","volume":"28","author":"Isidro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114328","article-title":"Four generations of probable person-to-person transmission of human monkeypox","volume":"123","author":"Je\u017eek","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref37","first-page":"465","article-title":"Human monkeypox: secondary attack rates","volume":"66","author":"Je\u017eek","year":"","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/156.2.293","article-title":"Human monkeypox: clinical features of 282 patients","volume":"156","author":"Je\u017eek","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"297","article-title":"Human monkeypox: confusion with chickenpox","volume":"45","author":"Je\u017eek","year":"","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7345","DOI":"10.1021\/es047995w","article-title":"Review of factors affecting microbial survival in groundwater","volume":"39","author":"John","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158265","article-title":"Science of the Total Environment The detection of monkeypox virus DNA in wastewater samples in the Netherlands","volume":"852","author":"Jonge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26531","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.26531","article-title":"Monkeypox: a comprehensive review of transmission, pathogenesis, and manifestation","volume":"14","author":"Kaler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1053\/jhin.2002.1281","article-title":"Spectrum of antimicrobial activity and user acceptability of the hand disinfectant agent Sterillium\u00ae Gel","volume":"52","author":"Kampf","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-7-5","article-title":"Suitability of vaccinia virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) for determining activities of three commonly-used alcohol-based hand rubs against enveloped viruses","volume":"7","author":"Kampf","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2022.102928","article-title":"Mutations in the monkeypox virus replication complex: potential contributing factors to the 2022 outbreak","volume":"133","author":"Kannan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2023.02.003","article-title":"Monkeypox (mpox) virus: classification, origin, transmission, genome organization, antiviral drugs, and molecular diagnosis","volume":"16","author":"Karagoz","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect. Public Health"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13821","article-title":"The re-emerging monkeypox disease","volume":"27","author":"Kipkorir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref48","first-page":"70","article-title":"Antiviral action of germicides","volume":"39","author":"Klein","year":"1963","journal-title":"Soap Chem. Spec."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-022-02178-w","article-title":"How does monkeypox spread? What scientists know","volume":"608","author":"Kozlov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2901.221311","article-title":"Detection of monkeypox virus DNA in airport Wastewater, Rome","volume":"29","author":"La Rosa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"593","article-title":"A human infection caused by monkeypox virus in Basankusu Territory, Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"46","author":"Ladnyj","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.428","article-title":"Extended interhuman transmission of monkeypox in a hospital community in the Republic of the Congo, 2003","volume":"73","author":"Learned","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed7100267","article-title":"Epidemiological situation of monkeypox transmission by possible sexual contact: a systematic review","volume":"7","author":"Le\u00f3n-Figueroa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bsheal.2022.09.004","article-title":"The current emergence of monkeypox: the recurrence of another smallpox?","volume":"4","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosaf. Health"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"o1239","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.o1239","article-title":"Seven monkeypox cases are confirmed in England","volume":"377","author":"Mahase","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5760","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00110-07","article-title":"Characterization of UVC light sensitivity of vaccinia virus","volume":"73","author":"McDevitt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3186","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0003186","article-title":"Inactivation of poxviruses by upper-room UVC light in a simulated hospital room environment","volume":"3","author":"McDevitt","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2901.221429","article-title":"Efficient inactivation of monkeypox virus by World Health Organization\u2013recommended hand rub formulations and alcohols","volume":"29","author":"Meister","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2022.12.025","article-title":"Air detection of monkeypox virus in a dedicated outpatient clinic room for monkeypox infection diagnosis","volume":"86","author":"Mellon","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"ref60","article-title":"Monkeypox","volume-title":"Stat Pearls","author":"Moore","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2810.221047","article-title":"Environmental persistence of monkeypox virus on surfaces in household of person with travel-associated infection, Dallas, Texas, USA, 2021","volume":"28","author":"Morgan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofx168","article-title":"A nosocomial outbreak of human monkeypox in the central African Republic","volume":"4","author":"Nakoune","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.26.2200477","article-title":"Evidence of surface contamination in hospital rooms occupied by patients infected with monkeypox","volume":"27","author":"N\u00f6rz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0214229","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214229","article-title":"The 2017 human monkeypox outbreak in Nigeria-report of outbreak experience and response in the Niger Delta University Teaching Hospital, Bayelsa State, Nigeria","volume":"14","author":"Ogoina","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e889","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(22)00286-5","article-title":"Monkeypox and the healthcare environment","volume":"3","author":"Ogoina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624221119335","article-title":"Sexual history of human monkeypox patients seen at a tertiary hospital in Bayelsa, Nigeria","volume":"33","author":"Ogoina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.9734\/acri\/2023\/v23i2557","article-title":"Monkeypox disease with predominant genital symptoms: A Nigerian case report","volume":"23","author":"Owhonda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Curr. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00586-2","article-title":"Viral loads in clinical samples of men with monkeypox virus infection: a French case series","volume":"23","author":"Palich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0706-0","article-title":"Monkeypox virus emergence in wild chimpanzees reveals distinct clinical outcomes and viral diversity","volume":"5","author":"Patrono","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2022.27.28.2200503","article-title":"Frequent detection of monkeypox virus DNA in saliva, semen, and other clinical samples from 12 patients, Barcelona, Spain, May to June 2022","volume":"27","author":"Peir\u00f3-Mestres","year":"2022","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6510a2","article-title":"Use of vaccinia virus smallpox vaccine in laboratory and health care personnel at risk for occupational exposure to orthopoxviruses\u2014ecommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2015","volume":"65","author":"Petersen","year":"2016","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7134e1","article-title":"High-contact object and surface contamination in a household of persons with monkeypox virus. Infection-Utah, June 2022","volume":"71","author":"Pfeiffer","year":"2022","journal-title":"MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-185","article-title":"Can vaccinia virus be replaced by MVA virus for testing virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants?","volume":"10","author":"Rabenau","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref74","volume-title":"Atypical and unique transmission of monkeypox virus during the 2022 outbreak: an overview of the current state of knowledge","author":"Riopelle","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"98","article-title":"Factors influencing the efficacy of antimicrobial agents","volume-title":"Principles and practice of disinfection, preservation and sterilization","author":"Russell","year":"2008"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2812.221343","article-title":"Possible occupational infection of healthcare workers with monkeypox virus, Brazil","volume":"28","author":"Salvato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.09.205","article-title":"Comparative survival of viruses during thermophilic and mesophilic anaerobic digestion","volume":"615","author":"Sassi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref78","unstructured":"First detection of the monkeypox virus using wastewater-based surveillance in Miami-Dade County\n            SharkeyM. E.\n            BablerK. M.\n            AbelsonS. M.\n            AlsulimanB.\n            AmiraliA.\n            ComerfordS.\n          2022"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164289","article-title":"Monkeypox viral nucleic acids detected using both DNA and RNA extraction workflows","volume":"890","author":"Sharkey","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"902","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix046","article-title":"Virucidal activity of World Health Organization\u2013recommended formulations against enveloped viruses, including Zika, Ebola, and emerging coronaviruses","volume":"215","author":"Siddharta","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000969-e","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000969","article-title":"Informing optimal environmental influenza interventions: how the host, agent, and environment alter dominant routes of transmission","volume":"6","author":"Spicknall","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2012.08.005","article-title":"Comparison of virucidal activity of alcohol-based hand sanitizers versus antimicrobial hand soaps in vitro and in vivo","volume":"82","author":"Steinmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2207323","article-title":"Monkeypox virus infection in humans across 16 countries\u2014April\u2013June 2022","volume":"387","author":"Thornhill","year":"","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02187-0","article-title":"Human monkeypox virus infection in women and non-binary individuals during the 2022 outbreaks: a global case series","volume":"400","author":"Thornhill","year":"","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159166","article-title":"Science of the total environment monkeypox outbreak: wastewater and environmental surveillance perspective","volume":"856","author":"Tiwari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109382","article-title":"Monkeypox infection: the past, present, and future","volume":"113","author":"Upadhayay","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2604.191164","article-title":"Human-to-human transmission of monkeypox virus, United Kingdom, October 2018","volume":"26","author":"Vaughan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159816","article-title":"Multiple traces of monkeypox detected in non-sewered wastewater with sparse sampling from a densely populated metropolitan area in Asia","volume":"858","author":"Wannigama","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.12.014","article-title":"Overlooked monkeypox cases among men having sex with men during the 2022 outbreak\u2014a retrospective study","volume":"128","author":"Wieder-Feinsod","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.2c00693","article-title":"First detection of monkeypox virus genome in sewersheds in France: the potential of wastewater-based epidemiology for monitoring emerging disease","volume":"9","author":"Wurtzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-765X.2004.01561.x","article-title":"Virucidal activity of the new disinfectant monopercitric acid","volume":"39","author":"Wutzler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1017\/ice.2022.152","article-title":"Monkeypox transmission following exposure in healthcare facilities in nonendemic settings: low risk but limited literature","volume":"43","author":"Zachary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1272498\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T04:24:50Z","timestamp":1703132690000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1272498\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"references-count":92,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1272498"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1272498","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]]},"article-number":"1272498"}}