{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T14:29:48Z","timestamp":1763389788072,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Observational studies have reported the association between gut microbiota and the risk of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). However, whether the association reflects a causal relationship remains obscure.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A bidirectional twosample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was conducted by assessing genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics for gut microbiota taxa and five common LRTIs. MR methods including inverse-variance-weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode were used to analyze the causality. Gene pleiotropy was tested using MR-Egger regression and MR-PRESSO methods. Cochran\u2019s Q test was used to check for heterogeneity. Leave-one-out analysis was used to assess the stability of effect sizes. Detected significant associations were validated by using an independent LRTI GWAS summary statistics dataset. An optional MR method of causal analysis using summary effect estimates (CAUSE) was further performed as a validation to avoid potential false-positive results.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>According to the MR-Egger estimates in forward MR analysis, a causal effect of gut <jats:italic>Blautia<\/jats:italic> on increased odds of bronchiectasis and pneumonia was suggested. MR-Egger regression pleiotropy intercept methods detected no significant horizontal pleiotropy between the instrumental variables of these associations. MR-PRESSO global test examined no potential horizontal pleiotropy. Cochran\u2019s Q test showed that no heterogeneity biased the results. The leave-one-out sensitivity analyses suggested robust causality results. These associations with consistent effect direction were successfully replicated in IVW analysis by using the validation GWAS dataset. However, these evidence of causality did not survive after applying strict Bonferroni correction or CAUSE analysis. The reverse MR analysis failed to achieve consistent results in the effect of LRTIs on gut microbiota through comprehensive discovery and validation processes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study established no strong causality between genetically predicted gut microbiome and the risk of lower respiratory tract infections. However, specific subtypes of microbial genera, such as <jats:italic>Blautia<\/jats:italic>, were identified as potential influencers and require further investigation, particularly at the species or strain levels.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1276046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T12:15:53Z","timestamp":1700741753000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Gut microbiota and risk of lower respiratory tract infections: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruizhi","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiawei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuemei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongli","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11632","article-title":"An integrated map of genetic variation from 1,092 human genomes","volume":"491","author":"Abecasis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12253","article-title":"Low gut microbiota diversity in early infancy precedes asthma at school age","volume":"44","author":"Abrahamsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. 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