{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:05:05Z","timestamp":1789578305134,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC2303100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC2303100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The existing diagnostic methods of epilepsy such as history collection and electroencephalogram have great limitations in practice, so more reliable and less difficult diagnostic methods are needed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>By characterizing oral microbiota in patients diagnosed with epilepsy (EPs) and patients whose seizures were under control (EPRs), we sought to discover biomarkers for different disease states. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on 480 tongue swabs [157 EPs, 22 EPRs, and 301 healthy controls (HCs)].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Compared with normal individuals, patients with epilepsy exhibit increased alpha diversity in their oral microbiota, and the oral microbial communities of the two groups demonstrate significant beta diversity differences. EPs exhibit a significant increase in the abundance of 26 genera, including <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Granulicatella<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Kluyvera<\/jats:italic>, while the abundance of 14 genera, including <jats:italic>Peptostreptococcus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Schaalia<\/jats:italic>, is significantly reduced. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of oral microbial markers in the training cohort and validation cohort was 98.85% and 97.23%, respectively. Importantly, the AUC of the biomarker set achieved 92.44% of additional independent validation sets. In addition, EPRs also have their own unique oral community.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study describes the characterization of the oral microbiome in EP and EPR and demonstrates the potential of the specific microbiome as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for epilepsy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1277022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T05:39:48Z","timestamp":1701236388000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Oral microbiome alterations in epilepsy and after seizure control"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Lian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenguo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianwen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamin","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanshuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yajun","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhigang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002358","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002358","article-title":"Metabolic reconstruction for metagenomic data and its application to the human microbiome","volume":"8","author":"Abubucker","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5576","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115576","article-title":"Evidences for a role of gut microbiota in pathogenesis and management of epilepsy","volume":"22","author":"Amlerova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/73.1.114","article-title":"A biotype of Enterobacteriaceae intermediate between Citrobacter and Enterobacter","volume":"73","author":"Braunstein","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1097\/qco.0000000000000585","article-title":"The nonpathogenic commensal Neisseria: friends and foes in infectious disease","volume":"32","author":"Dorey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr381","article-title":"Uchime improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection","volume":"27","author":"Edgar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13127","article-title":"Mind the gap: multiple events and lengthy delays before presentation with a \u201cfirst seizure\u201d","volume":"56","author":"Firkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-314814","article-title":"The oral microbiota in colorectal cancer is distinctive and predictive","volume":"67","author":"Flemer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.104899","article-title":"Gut flora and metabolism are altered in epilepsy and partially restored after ketogenic diets","volume":"155","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517797","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.517797","article-title":"Alteration of gut microbiota in patients with epilepsy and the potential index as a biomarker","volume":"11","author":"Gong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-03892-3","article-title":"Alterations in the human oral microbiota in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"21","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2619","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16744","article-title":"Cross talk between drug-resistant epilepsy and the gut microbiome","volume":"61","author":"Holmes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.14219\/jada.archive.2004.0052","article-title":"Trigeminal neuralgia and glossopharyngeal neuralgia: two orofacial pain syndromes encountered by dentists","volume":"135","author":"Horowitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988601","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.988601","article-title":"Correlations between gastrointestinal and oral microbiota in children with cerebral palsy and epilepsy","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2019.00394","article-title":"Distinct gut microbiota composition and functional category in children with cerebral palsy and epilepsy","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.266","article-title":"Relationship between oral and gut microbiota in elderly people","volume":"7","author":"Iwauchi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1528-1157.2001.31400.x","article-title":"Newly diagnosed unprovoked epileptic seizures: presentation at diagnosis in Carole study. Coordination Active du R\u00e9seau Observatoire Longitudinal de l\u2019 Epilepsie","volume":"42","author":"Jallon","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8096","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08096","article-title":"Dysbiosis gut microbiota associated with inflammation and impaired mucosal immune function in intestine of humans with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"5","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1083","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2014.26","article-title":"High-dose of vitamin C supplementation reduces amyloid plaque burden and ameliorates pathological changes in the brain of 5xfad mice","volume":"5","author":"Kook","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-022-00690-3","article-title":"The effect of a novel anticonvulsant chemical Q808 on gut microbiota and hippocampus neurotransmitters in pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rats","volume":"23","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00528","article-title":"Epilepsy and neurodevelopmental outcomes in children with etiologically diagnosed central nervous system infections: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"10","author":"Lin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"48","article-title":"Bacteremia by Kluyvera ascorbata in a patient with neutropenia and fever","volume":"18","author":"Linares","year":"2000","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.23","article-title":"The sampling strategy of oral microbiome","volume":"1","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"iMeta"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2019.104576","article-title":"Emerging roles for the intestinal microbiome in epilepsy","volume":"135","author":"Lum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2010.02.136","article-title":"No-synthase independent no generation in mammals","volume":"396","author":"Lundberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr507","article-title":"Flash: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies","volume":"27","author":"Mago\u010d","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.04.027","article-title":"The gut microbiota mediates the anti-seizure effects of the ketogenic diet","volume":"173","author":"Olson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eplepsyres.2018.09.013","article-title":"Altered composition of the gut microbiome in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy","volume":"147","author":"Peng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"656674","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.656674","article-title":"Oral microbiome characteristics in patients with autoimmune hepatitis","volume":"11","author":"Rao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-022-00423-x","article-title":"Alterations in the human oral microbiome in cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Rao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1097\/tp.0000000000000334","article-title":"Intestinal microbial variation may predict early acute rejection after liver transplantation in rats","volume":"98","author":"Ren","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-323826","article-title":"Alterations in the human oral and gut microbiomes and lipidomics in COVID-19","volume":"70","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16652","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73479-1","article-title":"Nitrite-producing oral microbiome in adults and children","volume":"10","author":"Sato-Suzuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.42693","article-title":"Extensive transmission of microbes along the gastrointestinal tract","author":"Schmidt","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0031423","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00314-23","article-title":"Characterization of lung and oral microbiomes in lung cancer patients using culturomics and 16s rRNA gene sequencing","volume":"11","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.22","article-title":"Ehypertension: a prospective longitudinal multi-omics essential hypertension cohort","volume":"1","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"iMeta"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)32596-0","article-title":"Epilepsy in adults","volume":"393","author":"Thijs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-020-0694-0","article-title":"Circadian rhythm disruption and mental health","volume":"10","author":"Walker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref39","article-title":"Epilepsy: World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2016.08.005","article-title":"Frequency of a false positive diagnosis of epilepsy: a systematic review of observational studies","volume":"41","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3914","article-title":"The oral and gut microbiomes are perturbed in rheumatoid arthritis and partly normalized after treatment","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Med."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1277022\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T05:39:51Z","timestamp":1701236391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1277022\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1277022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1277022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]},"article-number":"1277022"}}