{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:02:11Z","timestamp":1791000131625,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is a commercially important probiotic known to produce secondary metabolites with antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the potential ability of\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    to combat viruses, especially DNA viruses, has not been extensively investigated. In this study, we identified two distinct\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains and examined the efficiency of their secondary metabolites against pseudorabies virus (PRV), a swine herpesvirus resulting in economic losses worldwide. We found that treatment with the secondary metabolites of\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    L2, but not the metabolites of\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    V11, significantly inhibited PRV replication in multiple cells. Notably, the antiviral activity of the metabolites of\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    L2 was thermal stable, resistant to protease digestion. Moreover, these metabolites effectively impeded PRV binding, entry and replication. Importantly, oral administration of the metabolites of\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    L2 protected mice from lethal PRV infection, rescuing weight loss and reducing the viral load\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . In summary, our results reveal that the metabolites of\n                    <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                    L2 exhibit anti-PRV activity both\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , providing a potential candidate for novel antiviral drugs.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1277782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T01:04:46Z","timestamp":1698627886000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Secondary metabolites of Bacillus subtilis L2 show antiviral activity against pseudorabies virus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guijuan","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongli","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingli","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122522","article-title":"The valproic acid derivative valpromide inhibits pseudorabies virus infection in swine epithelial and mouse neuroblastoma cell lines.","volume":"13","author":"Andreu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1159\/000342079","article-title":"Probiotic mechanisms of action.","volume":"61","author":"Bermudez-Brito","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. 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