{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:38:22Z","timestamp":1792633102337,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1695340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by <jats:italic>Coxiella burnetii<\/jats:italic>, an obligatory intracellular bacterial pathogen. Like other intracellular pathogens, <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> is able to survive and reproduce within host cells by manipulating host cellular processes. In particular, the relationship between <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> infection and host autophagy, a cellular process involved in degradation and recycling, is of great interest due to its intricate nature. Studies have shown that autophagy can recognize and target intracellular pathogens such as <jats:italic>Legionella<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> for degradation, limiting their replication and promoting bacterial clearance. However, <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> can actively manipulate the autophagic pathway to create an intracellular niche, known as the <jats:italic>Coxiella<\/jats:italic>-containing vacuole (CCV), where it can multiply and evade host immune responses. <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> promotes the fusion of CCVs with lysosomes through mechanisms involving virulence factors such as Cig57 and CvpF. This review summarizes the latest findings on the dynamic interaction between host autophagy and <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> infection, highlighting the complex strategies employed by both the bacterium and the host. A better understanding of these mechanisms could provide important insights into the development of novel therapeutic interventions and vaccine strategies against <jats:italic>C. burnetii<\/jats:italic> infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1281303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T09:49:20Z","timestamp":1695376160000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The intricate dance: host autophagy and Coxiella burnetii infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tingting","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1022356","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1022356","article-title":"Pangenomic analysis of Coxiella burnetii unveils new traits in genome architecture","volume":"13","author":"Abou Abdallah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00098-4","article-title":"Autophagy in healthy aging and disease","volume":"1","author":"Aman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.7.2309-2324.2006","article-title":"Genetic diversity of the Q fever agent, Coxiella burnetii, assessed by microarray-based whole-genome comparisons","volume":"188","author":"Beare","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5816","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.10.5816-5821.2002","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii localizes in a Rab7-labeled compartment with autophagic characteristics","volume":"70","author":"Beron","year":"2002","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101090","article-title":"Tick-borne-agents detection in patients with acute febrile syndrome and ticks from Magdalena Medio, Colombia","volume":"11","author":"Cabrera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068129","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1068129","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii in ticks, livestock, pets and wildlife: a mini-review","volume":"9","author":"Celina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"ref7","first-page":"619","article-title":"Defying death - how Coxiella burnetii copes with intentional host cell suicide","volume":"92","author":"Cordsmeier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00045-16","article-title":"From Q fever to Coxiella burnetii infection: a paradigm change","volume":"30","author":"Eldin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1710594","article-title":"Q Fever (Coxiella Burnetii)","volume":"41","author":"Espana","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0001622","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00016-22","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii plasmid effector B promotes LC3-II accumulation and contributes to bacterial virulence in a SCID mouse model","volume":"90","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73611","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.73611","article-title":"Legionella pneumophila modulates host energy metabolism by ADP-ribosylation of ADP\/ATP translocases","volume":"11","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"elife"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2005.00527.x","article-title":"Autophagy induction favours the generation and maturation of the Coxiella-replicative vacuoles","volume":"7","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"995933","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.995933","article-title":"Subversion of host cell signaling: the arsenal of Rickettsial species","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01127-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01127-16","article-title":"Effector protein Cig2 decreases host tolerance of infection by directing constitutive fusion of autophagosomes with the Coxiella-containing vacuole","volume":"7","author":"Kohler","year":"2016","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0053421","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00534-21","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii virulent phase I and Avirulent phase II variants differentially manipulate autophagy pathway in neutrophils","volume":"90","author":"Kumaresan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02763-14","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii effector proteins that localize to the parasitophorous vacuole membrane promote intracellular replication","volume":"83","author":"Larson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02816-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02816-18","article-title":"Noncanonical inhibition of mTORC1 by Coxiella burnetii promotes replication within a phagolysosome-like vacuole","volume":"10","author":"Larson","year":"2019","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2018.1483806","article-title":"Interaction between autophagic vesicles and the Coxiella-containing vacuole requires CLTC (clathrin heavy chain)","volume":"14","author":"Latomanski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.14858","article-title":"Perturbation of ATG16L1 function impairs the biogenesis of Salmonella and Coxiella replication vacuoles","volume":"117","author":"Lau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3260","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1522811113","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii effector CvpB modulates phosphoinositide metabolism for optimal vacuole development","volume":"113","author":"Martinez","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00606","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00606-12","article-title":"Host pathways important for Coxiella burnetii infection revealed by genome-wide RNA interference screening","volume":"4","author":"Mcdonough","year":"2013","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.11.116","article-title":"Genetics of Coxiella burnetii: on the path of specialization","volume":"6","author":"Minnick","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1004286","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004286","article-title":"A screen of Coxiella burnetii mutants reveals important roles for dot\/Icm effectors and host autophagy in vacuole biogenesis","volume":"10","author":"Newton","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6801","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1921344117","article-title":"Lysosomal degradation products induce Coxiella burnetii virulence","volume":"117","author":"Newton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00534-19","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00534-19","article-title":"Biogenesis of the spacious Coxiella-containing vacuole depends on host transcription factors TFEB and TFE3","volume":"88","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00838.x","article-title":"The autophagic pathway is actively modulated by phase II Coxiella burnetii to efficiently replicate in the host cell","volume":"9","author":"Romano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2013.11.010","article-title":"Developmental transitions of Coxiella burnetii grown in axenic media","volume":"96","author":"Sandoz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12494","article-title":"LAMP proteins account for the maturation delay during the establishment of the Coxiella burnetii-containing vacuole","volume":"18","author":"Schulze-Luehrmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2018.00147","article-title":"Selective autophagy and Xenophagy in infection and disease","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000707","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii: a pathogenic intracellular Acidophile","volume":"165","author":"Shaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiology (Reading)"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1728098","article-title":"Coxiella effector protein CvpF subverts RAB26-dependent autophagy to promote vacuole biogenesis and virulence","volume":"17","author":"Siadous","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e73220","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.73220","article-title":"Legionella pneumophila regulates host cell motility by targeting Phldb2 with a 14-3-3zeta-dependent protease effector","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"elife"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0231621","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02316-21","article-title":"TheLegionellaEffector SdjA is a bifunctional enzyme that distinctly regulates phosphoribosyl ubiquitination","volume":"12","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"M bio"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599762","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.599762","article-title":"Interfering with autophagy: the opposing strategies deployed by Legionella pneumophila and Coxiella burnetii effector proteins","volume":"10","author":"Thomas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10081530","article-title":"Q fever-a neglected zoonosis","volume":"10","author":"Ullah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2009.129","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii modulates Beclin 1 and Bcl-2, preventing host cell apoptosis to generate a persistent bacterial infection","volume":"17","author":"Vazquez","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01359-10","article-title":"The Coxiella burnetii cryptic plasmid is enriched in genes encoding type IV secretion system substrates","volume":"193","author":"Voth","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00608-17","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00608-17","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii subverts p62\/Sequestosome 1 and activates Nrf2 signaling in human macrophages","volume":"86","author":"Winchell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2229","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01236-13","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii type IV secretion-dependent recruitment of macrophage autophagosomes","volume":"82","author":"Winchell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.3858\/emm.2012.44.2.032","article-title":"Autophagy and bacterial infectious diseases","volume":"44","author":"Yuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2110877119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2110877119","article-title":"Coxiella burnetii inhibits host immunity by a protein phosphatase adapted from glycolysis","volume":"119","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180708","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1180708","article-title":"The versatile defender: exploring the multifaceted role of p62 in intracellular bacterial infection","volume":"13","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1281303\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T09:49:24Z","timestamp":1695376164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1281303\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1281303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1281303","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]]},"article-number":"1281303"}}