{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:57:28Z","timestamp":1790776648257,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]],"date-time":"2023-11-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global warming has caused an increase in the emergence of <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic> species in marine and estuarine environments as well as fresh water bodies. Over the past decades, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has evolved among <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic> species toward various antibiotics commonly used for the treatment of <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic> infections. In this study, we assessed virulence and resistance patterns of <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic> non-O1\/non-O139 strains derived from Germany and other European countries. A total of 63 clinical and 24 environmental <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic> non-O1\/non-O139 strains, collected between 2011 and 2021, were analyzed. <jats:italic>In silico<\/jats:italic> antibiotic resistances were compared with resistance phenotypes according to EUCAST breakpoints. Additionally, genetic relatedness between isolates was assessed by two cgMLST schemes (SeqSphere +, pubMLST). Both cgMLST schemes yielded similar results, indicating high genetic diversity among <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> non-O1\/non-O139 isolates. Some isolates were found to be genetically closely related (allelic distance &amp;lt; 20), which suggests an epidemiological link. Thirty-seven virulence genes (VGs) were identified among 87 <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> non-O1\/non-O139 isolates, which resulted in 38 virulence profiles (VPs). VPs were similar between clinical and environmental isolates, with the exception of one clinical isolate that displayed a higher abundance of VGs. Also, a cluster of 11 environmental isolates was identified to have the lowest number of VGs. Among all strains, the predominant virulence factors were quorum sensing protein (<jats:italic>luxS<\/jats:italic>), repeats-in-toxins (<jats:italic>rtxC\/rtxD<\/jats:italic>), hemolysin (<jats:italic>hlyA<\/jats:italic>) and different type VI secretion systems (T6SS) genes. The genotypic profiles revealed antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) associated with resistance to beta-lactams, quinolones, macrolides, tetracycline, antifolate, aminoglycosides, fosfomycin, phenicols and sulfonamide. Carbapenemase gene VCC-1 was detected in 10 meropenem-resistant <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> non-O1\/non-O139 isolates derived from surface water in Germany. The proportion of resistance among <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> non-O1\/non-O139 species isolates against first line treatment (3rd generation cephalosporin, tetracycline and fluoroquinolone) was low. Empirical treatment would likely have been effective for all of the clinical <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> non-O1\/non-O139 isolates examined. Nevertheless, carbapenem-resistant isolates have been present in fresh water in Germany and might represent a reservoir for ARGs. Monitoring antimicrobial resistance is crucial for public health authorities to minimize the risks for the human population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1282135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,23]],"date-time":"2023-11-23T15:50:38Z","timestamp":1700754638000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Virulence and resistance patterns of Vibrio cholerae non-O1\/non-O139 acquired in Germany and other European countries"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Holger C.","family":"Scholz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Appelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jana","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susann","family":"Dupke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23479-0","article-title":"Incidence of antibiotic resistance genotypes of Vibrio species recovered from selected freshwaters in Southwest Nigeria.","volume":"12","author":"Adesiyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. 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