{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T09:43:57Z","timestamp":1785318237498,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Raw meat diets (RMD) for dogs are an increasingly popular alternative pet food choice, however studies worldwide have demonstrated them to be contaminated with zoonotic and antimicrobial resistant (AMR) bacteria, including bacteria resistant to critically important antibiotics. Despite this, few data exist surrounding the presence of these bacteria in RMD in the United Kingdom. The present study aimed to identify the most commonly selected RMD and non-raw diets (NRMD) by United Kingdom dog owners. Additionally, it investigated the presence of AMR-<jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> in samples of pre-prepared RMD and cooked commercial kibble dog foods. An online survey investigating diet preferences of United Kingdom dog owners was open for 6\u2009weeks between February\u2013March 2020. From this, the top 10 brands of pre-prepared raw and cooked kibble diets were ascertained and 134 samples purchased (110 RMD, 24 kibble) and subjected to microbiological testing. Bacterial enumeration of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and other <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> was undertaken, and the presence of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp. and AMR-<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> within samples determined. Whole genome sequencing was undertaken on <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> spp. and third-generation cephalosporin-resistant 3GCR-<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates. Pre-prepared RMD was most commonly selected by dog owners who fed RMD, and cooked commercial complete dry food was most frequently fed by owners who fed NRMD. Damaged and leaking packaging was observed in samples of RMD, alongside variability in information provided surrounding product traceability. Counts of <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> and other <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> exceeding &amp;gt;5,000\u2009CFU\/g were identified in samples of RMD. AMR-, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing and 3GCR-<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> was isolated from 39, 14 and 16% of RMD samples, respectively. Multiple antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in 3GCR-<jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolates. Of the ESBL encoding genes, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M-15<\/jats:sub> was most commonly identified. <jats:italic>S. enterica<\/jats:italic> was isolated from 5% of RMD samples. No <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> were isolated from any of the cooked kibble samples. The present study suggests that pre-prepared RMD available for dogs in the United Kingdom can be contaminated with zoonotic and AMR-<jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>. RMDs, therefore, are potentially an important One Health concern. Veterinary and medical professionals, pet food retailers and pet owners should be aware of these risks; and stringent hygiene measures should be practiced if owners choose to feed RMD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1301841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T05:14:03Z","timestamp":1704690843000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["An investigation of the presence and antimicrobial susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae in raw and cooked kibble diets for dogs in the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Genever","family":"Morgan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Pinchbeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eda","family":"Taymaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie Anne","family":"Chattaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002776","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002776","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing as a replacement for serotyping in Salmonella enterica","volume":"8","author":"Achtman","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5882","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00141-10","article-title":"Prevalence and persistence of Escherichia coli strains with uropathogenic virulence characteristics in sewage treatment plants","volume":"76","author":"Anastasi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1752","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.1752","article-title":"(2016) \u2018identification of Salmonella for public health surveillance using whole genome sequencing","volume":"4","author":"Ashton","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2012.0161","article-title":"Molecular and epidemiological characterization of enterobacterial multidrug-resistant strains in Tlemcen Hospital (Algeria) (2008-2010)","volume":"19","author":"Baba Ahmed-Kazi Tani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb. Drug. Resist"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-18-352","article-title":"Occurrence and antimicrobial profile of bacterial pathogens in former foodstuff meat products used for pet diets","volume":"82","author":"Bacci","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0187239","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187239","article-title":"Raw pet food as a risk factor for shedding of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in household cats","volume":"12","author":"Baede","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2147\/vmrr.s238305","article-title":"Salmonella mesenteric lymphadenitis causing septic peritonitis in two dogs","volume":"11","author":"Binagia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12323","article-title":"Isolation of Campylobacter spp. from client-owned dogs and cats, and retail raw meat pet food in the Manawatu, New Zealand","volume":"64","author":"Bojani\u0107","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e50","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105893","article-title":"Evaluating the presence of human pathogens in commercially frozen, biologically appropriate raw pet food sold in Italy","volume":"187","author":"Bottari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jretconser.2020.102195","article-title":"\u201cOnline omnivores\u201d or \u201cwilling but struggling\u201d? Identifying online grocery shopping behavior segments using attitude theory","volume":"57","author":"Brand","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Retail. Consum. Serv."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.4315\/JFP-20-338","article-title":"Exploring food safety perceptions and self-reported practices of pet owners providing raw meat\u21d3based diets to pets","volume":"84","author":"Bulochova","year":"","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.4315\/jfp-21-158","article-title":"Raw meat\u2013based pet feeding and food safety: Netnography study of pet owner comments and review of manufacturers\u2019 information provision","volume":"84","author":"Bulochova","year":"","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30605-4","article-title":"Attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years caused by infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the EU and the European economic area in 2015: a population-level modelling analysis","volume":"19","author":"Cassini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2019.00317","article-title":"The transformation of reference microbiology methods and surveillance for Salmonella with the use of whole genome sequencing in England and Wales","volume":"7","author":"Chattaway","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref15","volume-title":"CLSI M100-ED29: 2021 performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw475","article-title":"World health organization ranking of antimicrobials according to their importance in human medicine: a critical step for developing risk management strategies to control antimicrobial resistance from food animal production","volume":"63","author":"Collignon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.02.031","article-title":"Diversity of CTX-M-positive Escherichia coli recovered from animals in Canada","volume":"231","author":"Cormier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13000","article-title":"Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards","volume":"60","author":"Davies","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30273-7","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in human-derived and foodchain-derived samples from England, Wales, and Scotland: an epidemiological surveillance and typing study","volume":"19","author":"Day","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104452","article-title":"Prevalence of fluoroquinolone-resistant and broad-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant community-acquired urinary tract infections in Rio de Janeiro: impact of Escherichia coli genotypes ST69 and ST131","volume":"85","author":"de Souza da-Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref21","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref22","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref23","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105828","article-title":"An observational study of pet feeding practices and how these have changed between 2008 and 2018","volume":"186","author":"Dodd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref25","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref26","year":""},{"key":"ref27","year":""},{"key":"ref28","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.243.11.1549","article-title":"Current knowledge about the risks and benefits of raw meat-based diets for dogs and cats","volume":"243","author":"Freeman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.j4972","article-title":"Feeding of raw Brucella suis -infected meat to dogs in the UK","volume":"181","author":"Frost","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1143-z","article-title":"Highly suspected cases of salmonellosis in two cats fed with a commercial raw meat-based diet: health risks to animals and zoonotic implications","volume":"13","author":"Giacometti","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.21.10.0166","article-title":"Escherichia coli pathotype contamination in raw canine diets","volume":"83","author":"Gibson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/jsap.13488","article-title":"UK dogs eating raw meat diets have higher risk of Salmonella and antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli faecal carriage","volume":"63","author":"Groat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105199","article-title":"Occurrence of Salmonella, Campylobacter, Clostridium and Enterobacteriaceae in raw meat-based diets for dogs","volume":"184","author":"Hellgren","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10121440","article-title":"Assessing the impact of heat treatment of food on antimicrobial resistance genes and their potential uptake by other bacteria\u2013a critical review","volume":"10","author":"James","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1067\/mlc.2002.121550","article-title":"Extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli: \u201cthe other bad E. coli\u201d","volume":"139","author":"Johnson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638718823046","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing confirms source of pathogens associated with bacterial foodborne illness in pets fed raw pet food","volume":"31","author":"Jones","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e124","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268821001072","article-title":"A cluster of Shiga toxin producing Escherichia coli O157:H7 highlights raw pet food as an emerging potential source of infection in humans","volume":"149","author":"Kaindama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2020.1988-1991","article-title":"Contamination factors associated with surviving bacteria in Thai commercial raw pet foods","volume":"13","author":"Kananub","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.232.5.687","article-title":"Timely topics in nutrition: pet feeding practices of dog and cat owners in the United States and Australia","volume":"232","author":"Laflamme","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01857.x","article-title":"Defining an extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase","volume":"14","author":"Livermore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dki239","article-title":"CTX-M: changing the face of ESBLs in the UK","volume":"56","author":"Livermore","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02693-18","article-title":"One health genomic surveillance of Escherichia coli demonstrates distinct lineages and mobile genetic elements in isolates from humans versus livestock","volume":"10","author":"Ludden","year":"2019","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3668","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07507-11","article-title":"Characterization of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase genes found among Escherichia coli isolates from duck and environmental samples obtained on a duck farm","volume":"78","author":"Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2012.01491.x","article-title":"Availability, brands, labelling and Salmonella contamination of raw pet food in the Minneapolis\/St. Paul area","volume":"59","author":"Mehlenbacher","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-019-1824-x","article-title":"Raw meat-based diets for dogs: survey of owners\u2019 motivations, attitudes and practices","volume":"15","author":"Morelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13263","article-title":"Evaluation of microbial contamination and effects of storage in raw meat-based dog foods purchased online","volume":"104","author":"Morelli","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vetr.2642","article-title":"Isolation of Salmonella species of public health concern from commonly fed dried meat dog treats","volume":"192","author":"Morgan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105741","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PREVETMED.2022.105741","article-title":"A Dog\u2019s dinner: factors affecting food choice and feeding practices for UK dog owners feeding raw meat- based or conventional cooked diets","volume":"208","author":"Morgan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.10.1524","article-title":"Evaluation of the association between feeding raw meat and Salmonella enterica infections at a greyhound breeding facility","volume":"228","author":"Morley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2014.1748","article-title":"Investigation of Listeria, Salmonella, and toxigenic Escherichia coli in various pet foods","volume":"11","author":"Nemser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Foodborne Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00592","article-title":"Prediction of phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles from whole genome sequences of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica","volume":"9","author":"Neuert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28758","DOI":"10.3402\/iee.v5.28758","article-title":"Hygiene quality and presence of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in raw food diets for dogs","volume":"5","author":"Nilsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Ecol. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-13-144","article-title":"Diversity and biofilm-production ability among isolates of Escherichia coli phylogroup D belonging to ST69, ST393 and ST405 clonal groups","volume":"13","author":"Novais","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.191170","article-title":"Raw meat-based diets for companion animals: a potential source of transmission of pathogenic and antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"6","author":"N\u00fcesch-Inderbinen","year":"2019","journal-title":"R. Soc. Open Sci."},{"key":"ref58","author":"O\u2019Neill","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.03.006","article-title":"Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in Spain belong to a large variety of multilocus sequence typing types, including ST10 complex\/a, ST23 complex\/a and ST131\/B2","volume":"34","author":"Oteo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref60","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkq396","article-title":"Prevalence of Escherichia coli carrying extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases (CTX-M and TEM-52) from broiler chickens and turkeys in Great Britain between 2006 and 2009","volume":"66","author":"Randall","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28342-4","article-title":"A role for ColV plasmids in the evolution of pathogenic Escherichia coli ST58","volume":"13","author":"Reid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-15-048","article-title":"Effects of domestic storage and thawing practices on Salmonella in poultry-based meat preparations","volume":"78","author":"Roccato","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105644","article-title":"Presence of pathogenic bacteria in faeces from dogs fed raw meat-based diets or dry kibble","volume":"187","author":"Runesv\u00e4rd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.01.013","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance risk factors and characterisation of faecal E. coli isolated from healthy Labrador retrievers in the United Kingdom","volume":"119","author":"Schmidt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143191","article-title":"Diversity of multi-drug resistant avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causing outbreaks of colibacillosis in broilers during 2012 in Spain","volume":"10","author":"Sol\u00e0-Gin\u00e9s","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.228.4.537","article-title":"Evaluation of bacterial and protozoal contamination of commercially available raw meat diets for dogs","volume":"228","author":"Strohmeyer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2308","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2308","article-title":"MOST: a modified MLST typing tool based on short read sequencing","volume":"4","author":"Tewolde","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-5352-z","article-title":"Genome analysis of Salmonella enterica subsp. diarizonae isolates from invasive human infections reveals enrichment of virulence-related functions in lineage ST1256","volume":"20","author":"Giner-Lamia","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9081556","article-title":"High occurrence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in raw meat-based diets for companion animals\u2013a public health issue","volume":"9","author":"Treier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.104535","article-title":"Zoonotic bacteria and parasites found in raw meat-based diets for cats and dogs","volume":"182","author":"Van Bree","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkz462","article-title":"Faecal carriage, risk factors, acquisition and persistence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in dogs and cats and co-carriage with humans belonging to the same household","volume":"75","author":"Van den Bunt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref72","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref73","year":"2022"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0231275","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231275","article-title":"Fecal shedding of Salmonella spp., Clostridium perfringens, and Clostridioides difficile in dogs fed raw meat-based diets in Brazil and their owners\u2019 motivation","volume":"15","author":"Viegas","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.10.001","article-title":"Identical plasmid AmpC beta-lactamase genes and plasmid types in E. coli isolates from patients and poultry meat in the Netherlands","volume":"167","author":"Voets","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.11.017","article-title":"Carriage of antimicrobial resistant Escherichia coli in dogs: prevalence, associated risk factors and molecular characteristics","volume":"199","author":"Wedley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref77","first-page":"887","article-title":"Survival of Salmonella Copenhagen in food bowls following contanimation with experimentally inoculated raw meat: effects of time, cleaning, and disinfection","volume":"47","author":"Weese","year":"2006","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref78","first-page":"513","article-title":"Bacteriological evaluation of commercial canine and feline raw diets","volume":"46","author":"Weese","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref79","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref80","author":"Withenshaw","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01746","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01746-19","article-title":"SeqSero2: rapid and improved salmonella serotype determination using whole-genome sequencing data","volume":"85","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2022.109493","article-title":"Plasmid and chromosomal copies of blaCMY-2 mediate resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in Escherichia coli from food animals in China","volume":"271","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1301841\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]],"date-time":"2024-01-08T05:14:07Z","timestamp":1704690847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1301841\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1301841"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1301841","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,8]]},"article-number":"1301841"}}