{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:03:10Z","timestamp":1753891390776,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"USDA Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0500-00093-001-00-D"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0500-00093-001-00-D"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"U.S. Department of Energy","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000015","name":"DOE","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-SC0014664"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-SC0014664"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000015","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> is a global bacterial foodborne pathogen associated with a variety of contaminated food products. Poultry products are a common source of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>-associated foodborne illness, and an estimated 7% of human illnesses in the United States are attributed to turkey products. From November 2017 to March 2019, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported a turkey-associated outbreak of multidrug-resistant (MDR; resistant to \u22653 antimicrobial classes) <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serovar Reading (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Reading) linked to 358 human infections in 42\u2009US states and Canada. Since <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Reading was seldom linked to human illness prior to this outbreak, the current study compared genomic sequences of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Reading isolates prior to the outbreak (pre-outbreak) to isolates identified during the outbreak period, focusing on genes that were different between the two groups but common within a group. Following whole-genome sequence analysis of five pre-outbreak and five outbreak-associated turkey\/turkey product isolates of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Reading, 37 genes located within two distinct chromosomal regions were identified only in the pre-outbreak isolates: (1) an ~5\u2009kb region containing four protein-coding genes including <jats:italic>uidA<\/jats:italic> which encodes beta-glucuronidase, <jats:italic>pgdA<\/jats:italic> encoding peptidoglycan deacetylase, and two hypothetical proteins and (2) an ~28\u2009kb region comprised of 32 phage-like genes and the <jats:italic>xerC<\/jats:italic> gene, which encodes tyrosine recombinase (frequently associated with phage genes). The five outbreak isolates also had a deletional event within the <jats:italic>cirA<\/jats:italic> gene, introducing a translational frame shift and premature stop codon. The <jats:italic>cirA<\/jats:italic> gene encodes a protein with dual receptor functions: a siderophore receptor for transport of dihydroxybenzoylserine as well as a colicin Ia\/b receptor. Significant differences for the identified genetic variations were also detected in 75 <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Reading human isolates. Of the 41 <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Reading isolates collected before or in 2017, 81 and 90% of the isolates contained the <jats:italic>uidA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pgdA<\/jats:italic> genes, respectively, but only 24% of the isolates collected after 2017 harbored the <jats:italic>uidA<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>pgdA<\/jats:italic> genes. The truncation event within the <jats:italic>cirA<\/jats:italic> gene was also significantly higher in isolates collected after 2017 (74%) compared to before or in 2017 (5%). Phenotypic analysis of the <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Reading isolates for colicin and cefiderocol sensitivities (CirA) and \u03b2-methyl-D-glucuronic acid utilization (UidA and accessory proteins) supported the genomic data. Overall, a similar genome reduction pattern was generally observed in both the turkey and human isolates of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Reading during the outbreak period, and the genetic differences were present in genes that could potentially promote pathogen dissemination due to variation in <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> colonization, fitness, and\/or virulence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1304029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,18]],"date-time":"2024-01-18T04:42:38Z","timestamp":1705552958000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Genomic and phenotypic characterization of multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Reading isolates involved in a turkey-associated foodborne outbreak"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sathesh K.","family":"Sivasankaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradley L.","family":"Bearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julian M.","family":"Trachsel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel W.","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Torey","family":"Looft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shawn M. 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