{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:50:32Z","timestamp":1792799432460,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study is to analyze the association between <jats:italic>TLR2 deletion (\u2212196 to \u2212174)<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>TLR1 743 A\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009G<\/jats:italic> gene polymorphism with drug resistant tuberculosis (PTB, MDR-TB, and XDR-TB) in a population from Agra, Uttar Pradesh.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The present case\u2013control study included 101 pulmonary TB patients, 104 multidrug-resistant TB patients, 48 extremely drug-resistant TB patients, and 130 healthy and unrelated controls residing in the same locality. The genotyping method for <jats:italic>TLR2 deletion (\u2212196 to \u2212174)<\/jats:italic> was carried out by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and <jats:italic>TLR1 743 A\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009G<\/jats:italic> gene polymorphism was performed by hybridization probe chemistry in Roche Real-Time PCR. Genotype and allele frequencies were analyzed by the chi-square test. Cytokine levels were measured by ELISA and compared using Mann\u2013Whitney and Kruskal\u2013Wallis tests.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The frequency of heterozygous (<jats:italic>Ins\/del<\/jats:italic>) genotypes for <jats:italic>TLR2 (\u2212196 to \u2212174)<\/jats:italic> polymorphism was predominant in XDR-TB patients (0.57), whereas heterozygous A\/G genotype for <jats:italic>TLR1 743 A\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009G<\/jats:italic> single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) was predominant in healthy controls (0.57) for <jats:italic>TLR1 743 A\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009G<\/jats:italic> gene polymorphism. The heterozygous genotype of <jats:italic>TLR2 deletion<\/jats:italic> polymorphism was found to be significantly higher in XDR-TB (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.0001). <jats:italic>TLR1 743 A\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009G<\/jats:italic> SNP, AG genotypes were found to be significantly associated with healthy controls than PTB (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.047). The level of serum cytokines (IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, and IFN-\u03b3) was also found to be significantly different among TB patients and healthy controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The findings suggested that in the present population, the heterozygous (<jats:italic>Ins\/Del<\/jats:italic>) genotype and deletion allele of <jats:italic>TLR2 deletion (\u2212196 to \u2212174)<\/jats:italic> polymorphism are associated with the risk for the development of drug-resistant TB. Furthermore, for <jats:italic>TLR1 743 A\u2009&amp;gt;\u2009G<\/jats:italic> gene polymorphism, A\/G genotype, and G allele are found associated with healthy controls, suggesting the protective role against TB.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1305974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T04:45:17Z","timestamp":1706071517000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Toll-like receptor 2 (\u2212196 to \u2212174) del and TLR1 743 A\u2009&gt;\u2009G gene polymorphism\u2014a possible association with drug-resistant tuberculosis in the north Indian population"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Deepika","family":"Varshney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoor Vir","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keshar Kunja","family":"Mohanty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santosh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Varshney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekata","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushanta Kumar","family":"Barik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015","article-title":"Pathogen recognition and innate immunity","volume":"124","author":"Akira","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"45","article-title":"Relationship between TNF-\u03b1Gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis","volume":"17","author":"Anoosheh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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