{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T16:59:06Z","timestamp":1780505946270,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In resource-constrained settings, limited antibiotic options make treating carbapenem-resistant bacterial infections difficult for healthcare providers. This study aimed to assess carbapenemase expression in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from clinical samples in Jimma, Ethiopia.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess carbapenemase expression in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from patients attending Jimma Medical Center. Totally, 846 Gram-negative bacteria were isolated and identified using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Phenotypic antibiotic resistance patterns were determined using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and Etest strips. Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase phenotype was determined using MAST disks, and carbapenemases were characterized using multiplex polymerase chain reactions (PCR).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among the isolates, 19% (157\/846) showed phenotypic resistance to carbapenem antibiotics. PCR analysis revealed that at least one carbapenemase gene was detected in 69% (107\/155) of these strains. The most frequently detected acquired genes were <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>NDM in 35% (37\/107), <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>VIM in 24% (26\/107), and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>KPC42 in 13% (14\/107) of the isolates. Coexistence of two or more acquired genes was observed in 31% (33\/107) of the isolates. The most common coexisting acquired genes were <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>NDM\u2009+\u2009<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic>OXA-23, detected in 24% (8\/33) of these isolates. No carbapenemase-encoding genes could be detected in 31% (48\/155) of carbapenem-resistant isolates, with <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> accounting for 85% (41\/48) thereof.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study revealed high and incremental rates of carbapenem-resistant bacteria in clinical samples with various carbapenemase-encoding genes. This imposes a severe challenge to effective patient care in the context of already limited treatment options against Gram-negative bacterial infections in resource-constrained settings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1336387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]],"date-time":"2024-01-24T10:51:42Z","timestamp":1706093502000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Molecular characterization of carbapenem-resistance in Gram-negative isolates obtained from clinical samples at Jimma Medical Center, Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mulatu","family":"Gashaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esayas Kebede","family":"Gudina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Solomon","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liegl","family":"Gabriele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Seeholzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bikila","family":"Alemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guenter","family":"Froeschl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"Kroidl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Wieser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0611-6","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from Egypt","volume":"8","author":"Abouelfetouh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicro. 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