{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:02:37Z","timestamp":1790197357685,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to determine the kinetics of occult hepatitis B virus infections (OBI) among people with HIV (PWH).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study used archived plasma samples from longitudinal HIV natural history studies. We identified new OBI cases and assessed risk factors for OBI using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>At baseline, 8 of 382 [(2.1%) (95% CI: 1.06\u20134.1)] samples tested positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>). Of the 374 HBsAg-negative samples, 76 had sufficient sample volume for HBV DNA screening. OBI positivity (OBI<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>) at baseline was reported in 11 of 76 [14.7 95% CI (8.3\u201324.1)] HBsAg-negative (HBsAg<jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>) participants. Baseline HBsAg-negative samples with sufficient follow-up samples (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200990) were used for analysis of newly identified OBI cases. Participants contributed 129.74 person-years to the study and were followed for a median of 1.02\u2009years (IQR: 1.00\u20132.00). Cumulatively, there were 34 newly identified OBI cases from the 90 participants, at the rate of 26.2\/100 person-years (95% CI: 18.7\u201336.7). Newly identified OBI cases were more common among men than women (61.1% vs. 31.9%) and among participants with CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T-cell counts \u2264450 cells\/mL (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>-value\u2009=\u20090.02). Most of the newly identified OBI cases [55.9% (19\/34)] were possible reactivations as they were previously HBV core antibody positive.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was a high rate of newly identified OBI among young PWH in Botswana, especially in men and in participants with lower CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T-cell counts. OBI screening in PWH should be considered because of the risk of transmission, possible reactivation, and risk factors for the development of chronic liver disease, including hepatocellular carcinoma.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1342862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T05:14:48Z","timestamp":1715231688000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Persistence and risk factors of occult hepatitis B virus infections among antiretroviral therapy-na\u00efve people living with HIV in Botswana"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Motswedi","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bonolo B.","family":"Phinius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basetsana K.","family":"Phakedi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mbatshi","family":"Mudanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynnette N.","family":"Bhebhe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Girlie N.","family":"Tlhabano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patience","family":"Motshosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsholofelo","family":"Ratsoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kabo","family":"Baruti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gorata","family":"Mpebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wonderful T.","family":"Choga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Marlink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Glebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason T.","family":"Blackard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sikhulile","family":"Moyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Kramvis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simani","family":"Gaseitsiwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2014.11.032","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection in post-vaccination South Africa: occult HBV infection and circulating surface gene variants","volume":"63","author":"Amponsah-Dacosta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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