{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T15:13:45Z","timestamp":1768317225053,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1708992000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leptospirosis, a re-emerging zoonotic disease, remains a significant global health concern, especially amid floods and disasters such as the Kakhovka Dam destruction. As is known, the stress that occurs in the conditions of military conflicts among civilian and military personnel significantly affects susceptibility to infectious diseases and possibly even influences their course. This review aims to explore how the gut microbiome and stress mediators (such as catecholamines and corticosteroids) might impact the leptospirosis disease course. The review opens new horizons for research by elucidating the connections between the gut microbiome, stress, and leptospirosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1345684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T04:46:52Z","timestamp":1709009212000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Exploring the complex interplay: gut microbiome, stress, and leptospirosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Pavlo","family":"Petakh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentyn","family":"Oksenych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iryna","family":"Kamyshna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iryna","family":"Boisak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Lyubomirskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Kamyshnyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","first-page":"18686","article-title":"Leptospira: a review on pathogenesis and host immune response","volume":"25","author":"Abdullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Annals Roman Soc Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2012.03.024","article-title":"Prevention of gut leakiness by a probiotic treatment leads to attenuated HPA response to an acute psychological stress in rats","volume":"37","author":"Ait-Belgnaoui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.015","article-title":"Pathogen recognition and innate immunity","volume":"124","author":"Akira","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.09.003","article-title":"Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic administration in patients with major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Akkasheh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-016-3392-7","article-title":"Gut microbiome and kidney disease: a bidirectional relationship","volume":"32","author":"Al Khodor","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Pediatr Nephrol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.036","article-title":"Interpersonal gut microbiome variation drives susceptibility and resistance to cholera infection","volume":"181","author":"Alavi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2019.10.003","article-title":"The gut-liver axis in liver disease: pathophysiological basis for therapy","volume":"72","author":"Albillos","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1288","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00341.2012","article-title":"Critical role of gut microbiota in the production of biologically active, free catecholamines in the gut lumen of mice","volume":"303","author":"Asano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07240","article-title":"ATP drives lamina propria T(H)17 cell differentiation","volume":"455","author":"Atarashi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.08.058","article-title":"Th17 cell induction by adhesion of microbes to intestinal epithelial cells","volume":"163","author":"Atarashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.20859","article-title":"Evaluation of a 12-color flow cytometry panel to study lymphocyte, monocyte, and dendritic cell subsets in humans","volume":"77","author":"Autissier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytometry A"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1074","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108008","article-title":"Differences in cyclic AMP changes after stimulation by prostaglandins and isoproterenol in lymphocyte subpopulations","volume":"55","author":"Bach","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/36.12.1262","article-title":"Impaired sympathetic influence on the immune response in patients with rheumatoid arthritis due to lymphocyte subset-specific modulation of beta 2-adrenergic receptors","volume":"36","author":"Baerwald","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.10.023","article-title":"Exposure to a social stressor alters the structure of the intestinal microbiota: implications for stressor-induced immunomodulation","volume":"25","author":"Bailey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.12.019","article-title":"Altered profile of human gut microbiome is associated with cirrhosis and its complications","volume":"60","author":"Bajaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G675","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00152.2012","article-title":"Colonic mucosal microbiome differs from stool microbiome in cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy and is linked to cognition and inflammation","volume":"303","author":"Bajaj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1099\/00221287-128-4-813","article-title":"The role of antibodies and serum complement in the interaction between macrophages and leptospires","volume":"128","author":"Banfi","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12840","article-title":"BCL-2 protects human and mouse Th17 cells from glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis","volume":"71","author":"Banuelos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1159\/000129670","article-title":"Expression of alpha-AR subtypes in T lymphocytes and role of the alpha-ARs in mediating modulation of T cell function","volume":"14","author":"Bao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6356","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00460-06","article-title":"A newly identified leptospiral adhesin mediates attachment to laminin","volume":"74","author":"Barbosa","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Immun."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.06.064","article-title":"Anxiogenic effects of a lactobacillus, inulin and the synbiotic on healthy juvenile rats","volume":"359","author":"Barrera-Bugue\u00f1o","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9040723","article-title":"The microbiome-gut-brain Axis and resilience to developing anxiety or depression under stress","volume":"9","author":"Bear","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.01.003","article-title":"Rapid transcriptional and metabolic adaptation of intestinal microbes to host immune activation","volume":"29","author":"Becattini","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cell Host microbe."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602546","article-title":"Impact of consuming a milk drink containing a probiotic on mood and cognition","volume":"61","author":"Benton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.06.063","article-title":"Chronic gastrointestinal inflammation induces anxiety-like behavior and alters central nervous system biochemistry in mice","volume":"139","author":"Bercik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.03.004","article-title":"GILZ promotes production of peripherally induced Treg cells and mediates the crosstalk between glucocorticoids and TGF-\u03b2 signaling","volume":"7","author":"Bereshchenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-4143-1_2","article-title":"Bacterial translocation from the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"473","author":"Berg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12912","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.26.12912","article-title":"Discovery of endogenous catecholamines in lymphocytes and evidence for catecholamine regulation of lymphocyte function via an autocrine loop","volume":"91","author":"Bergquist","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2005.07.013","article-title":"Dopamine by itself activates either D2, D3 or D1\/D5 dopaminergic receptors in normal human T-cells and triggers the selective secretion of either IL-10, TNFalpha or both","volume":"169","author":"Besser","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0771-7","article-title":"Oral treatment with Lactobacillus rhamnosus attenuates behavioural deficits and immune changes in chronic social stress","volume":"15","author":"Bharwani","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932137","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.932137","article-title":"Host and species-specificities of pattern recognition receptors upon infection with Leptospira interrogans","volume":"12","author":"Bonhomme","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Adenyl cyclase in human leukocytes: evidence for activation by separate beta adrenergic and prostaglandin receptors","volume":"178","author":"Bourne","year":"1971","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Experiment Therapeut."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12091167","article-title":"Leptospirosis and the environment: a review and future directions","volume":"12","author":"Bradley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102999108","article-title":"Ingestion of lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve","volume":"108","author":"Bravo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/0095327X0102700304","article-title":"The effects of stress on job functioning of military men and women","volume":"27","author":"Bray","year":"2001","journal-title":"Armed Forces Soc."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s40794-017-0059-8","article-title":"An outbreak of leptospirosis among United States military personnel in Guam","volume":"3","author":"Brinker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccin."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.12.031","article-title":"Targeting the microbiota-gut-brain Axis: prebiotics have anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects and reverse the impact of chronic stress in mice","volume":"82","author":"Burokas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07359-8","article-title":"Therapeutic faecal microbiota transplantation controls intestinal inflammation through IL10 secretion by immune cells","volume":"9","author":"Burrello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00204","article-title":"Leptospirosis pathophysiology: into the storm of cytokines","volume":"8","author":"Cagliero","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Front Cellular Infect Microbiol."},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"203","article-title":"The gut-brain axis: interactions between enteric microbiota, central and enteric nervous systems","volume":"28","author":"Carabotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-6749(84)90184-2","article-title":"Demonstration that circulating human blood cells have no detectable alpha 1-adrenergic receptors by radioligand binding analysis","volume":"74","author":"Casale","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0164609","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0164609","article-title":"Mitochondrial superoxide signaling contributes to norepinephrine-mediated T-lymphocyte cytokine profiles","volume":"11","author":"Case","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271516","article-title":"Sympathetic-mediated activation versus suppression of the immune system: consequences for hypertension","volume":"594","author":"Case","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G884","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.1996.271.5.G884","article-title":"Acute stress causes mucin release from rat colon: role of corticotropin releasing factor and mast cells","volume":"271","author":"Castagliuolo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.03.007","article-title":"Association of Toll-like receptor 2 Arg753Gln and toll-like receptor 1 Ile602Ser single-nucleotide polymorphisms with leptospirosis in an Argentine population","volume":"146","author":"C\u00e9dola","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01635-06","article-title":"Physiological osmotic induction of Leptospira interrogans adhesion: LigA and LigB bind extracellular matrix proteins and fibrinogen","volume":"75","author":"Choy","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Infect Immun."},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"193","article-title":"Interaction of leptospires with murine microglial cells","volume":"29","author":"Cinco","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Microbiol Q J Microbiol Sci."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)00013-1","article-title":"Bacterial translocation of enteric organisms in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"34","author":"Cirera","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.77","article-title":"The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner","volume":"18","author":"Clarke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10420","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604343103","article-title":"The QseC sensor kinase: a bacterial adrenergic receptor","volume":"103","author":"Clarke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199108293250903","article-title":"Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold","volume":"325","author":"Cohen","year":"1991","journal-title":"New Engl J Med."},{"key":"ref52","first-page":"544","article-title":"Inhibition of lymphocyte activation by catecholamines: evidence for a non-classical mechanism of catecholamine action","volume":"85","author":"Cook-Mills","year":"1995","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-01-028423","article-title":"Human CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells selectively express tyrosine hydroxylase and contain endogenous catecholamines subserving an autocrine\/paracrine inhibitory functional loop","volume":"109","author":"Cosentino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2014.01.014","article-title":"Absence of the gut microbiota enhances anxiety-like behavior and neuroendocrine response to acute stress in rats","volume":"42","author":"Crumeyrolle-Arias","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3346","article-title":"Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour","volume":"13","author":"Cryan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain Axis","volume":"99","author":"Cryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.07.019","article-title":"Glucocorticoids promote intrinsic human T(H)17 differentiation","volume":"142","author":"de Castro","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2008.03.009","article-title":"The probiotic bifidobacteria infantis: an assessment of potential antidepressant properties in the rat","volume":"43","author":"Desbonnet","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2010.08.005","article-title":"Effects of the probiotic Bifidobacterium infantis in the maternal separation model of depression","volume":"170","author":"Desbonnet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182312836","article-title":"Intestinal barrier in human health and disease","volume":"18","author":"Di Tommaso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10821","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0575-15.2015","article-title":"Probiotics improve inflammation-associated sickness behavior by altering communication between the peripheral immune system and the brain","volume":"35","author":"D'Mello","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0120-4","article-title":"Regulatory T cells in autoimmune disease","volume":"19","author":"Dominguez-Villar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00920","article-title":"Severe leptospirosis features in the spleen indicate cellular immunosuppression similar to that found in septic shock","volume":"10","author":"Duarte-Neto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3864","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.11.4339","article-title":"Substantial production of dopamine in the human gastrointestinal tract","volume":"82","author":"Eisenhofer","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4030","article-title":"Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS","volume":"18","author":"Erny","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030521","article-title":"Autism Spectrum disorders and the gut microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Fattorusso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755s","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.135.2.755","article-title":"Noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of lymphoid tissue","volume":"135","author":"Felten","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2010.02505.x","article-title":"Leptospirosis: aspects of innate immunity, immunopathogenesis and immune evasion from the complement system","volume":"73","author":"Fraga","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Scand J Immunol."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.4.1768","article-title":"Inhibition of Th1 immune response by glucocorticoids: dexamethasone selectively inhibits IL-12-induced Stat4 phosphorylation in T lymphocytes","volume":"164","author":"Franchimont","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.10.005","article-title":"Decrease of CD4(+)FOXP3(+) T regulatory cells in the peripheral blood of human subjects undergoing a mental stressor","volume":"35","author":"Freier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-14-189","article-title":"Exposure to a social stressor disrupts the community structure of the colonic mucosa-associated microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Galley","year":"","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.09.010","article-title":"The commensal microbiota exacerbate infectious colitis in stressor-exposed mice","volume":"60","author":"Galley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.4161\/19490976.2014.972241","article-title":"The structures of the colonic mucosa-associated and luminal microbial communities are distinct and differentially affected by a prolonged murine stressor","volume":"5","author":"Galley","year":"","journal-title":"Gut Microbes."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0245com","article-title":"Gene profiling reveals unknown enhancing and suppressive actions of glucocorticoids on immune cells","volume":"16","author":"Galon","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6693","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i46.6693","article-title":"Prevention and treatment of hepatic encephalopathy: focusing on gut microbiota","volume":"18","author":"Garcovich","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24229","article-title":"Altered fecal microbiota composition in all male aggressor-exposed rodent model simulating features of post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"96","author":"Gautam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1159\/000026343","article-title":"Bacterial endotoxin induces fos immunoreactivity in primary afferent neurons of the vagus nerve","volume":"5","author":"Gaykema","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02360-17","article-title":"Catecholamine-modulated novel surface-exposed adhesin LIC20035 of Leptospira spp. binds host extracellular matrix components and is recognized by the host during infection","volume":"84","author":"Ghosh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1571","article-title":"Stress-induced immune dysfunction: implications for health","volume":"5","author":"Glaser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gastrohep.2015.10.013","article-title":"Microbiome and bacterial translocation in cirrhosis","volume":"39","author":"G\u00f3mez-Hurtado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45059-8_5","article-title":"Leptospirosis in humans","volume":"387","author":"Haake","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Leptospira Leptospirosis."},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1785-z","article-title":"Bile acid metabolites control T(H)17 and T(reg) cell differentiation","volume":"576","author":"Hang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(96)00125-7","article-title":"Functional alpha 1-adrenergic receptors on leukocytes of patients with polyarticular juvenile rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"71","author":"Heijnen","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1006\/brbi.1993.1017","article-title":"Sympathetic regulation of T-helper cell function","volume":"7","author":"Heilig","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"F1211","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00298.2018","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease and the gut microbiome","volume":"316","author":"Hobby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol."},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.31.3.359-375.1976","article-title":"Human fecal flora: variation in bacterial composition within individuals and a possible effect of emotional stress","volume":"31","author":"Holdeman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-9255-2-3","article-title":"Dexamethasone inhibits IL-9 production by human T cells","volume":"2","author":"Holz","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01634","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 2 release by macrophages: an anti-inflammatory program induced by glucocorticoids and lipopolysaccharide","volume":"10","author":"Hoppst\u00e4dter","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4833","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.170.9.4833","article-title":"Inhibition of IFN-gamma signaling by glucocorticoids","volume":"170","author":"Hu","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1159\/000360579","article-title":"Regulation of differentiation and function of helper T cells by lymphocyte-derived catecholamines via \u03b1\u2081- and \u03b2\u2082-adrenoceptors","volume":"22","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000553","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000553","article-title":"The QseC adrenergic signaling cascade in Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)","volume":"5","author":"Hughes","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.07.002","article-title":"A gut commensal-produced metabolite mediates colonization resistance to salmonella infection","volume":"24","author":"Jacobson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44182","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44182","article-title":"Stress during pregnancy alters temporal and spatial dynamics of the maternal and offspring microbiome in a sex-specific manner","volume":"7","author":"Ja\u0161arevi\u0107","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.03.016","article-title":"Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2004.07.014","article-title":"Glucocorticoids upregulate FOXP3 expression and regulatory T cells in asthma","volume":"114","author":"Karagiannidis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.11.018","article-title":"Lost in translation? The potential psychobiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus (JB-1) fails to modulate stress or cognitive performance in healthy male subjects","volume":"61","author":"Kelly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.9b01076","article-title":"Characterization of Autoinducer-3 structure and biosynthesis in E. coli","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Centr Sci."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1105625","article-title":"It takes nerve to tell T and B cells what to do","volume":"79","author":"Kin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02318","article-title":"Commensal Escherichia coli strains can promote intestinal inflammation via differential Interleukin-6 production","volume":"9","author":"Kittana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0700929","article-title":"The effect of the protein phosphatases inhibitor cantharidin on beta-adrenoceptor-mediated vasorelaxation","volume":"120","author":"Knapp","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2208","article-title":"Leptospira: the dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen","volume":"7","author":"Ko","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref102","first-page":"487","article-title":"Norepinephrine and beta 2-adrenergic receptor stimulation regulate CD4+ T and B lymphocyte function in vitro and in vivo","volume":"53","author":"Kohm","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(08)62453-5","article-title":"Cells in the marginal zone of the spleen","volume":"132","author":"Kraal","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cytol."},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005548","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005548","article-title":"The gut microbiota as a modulator of innate immunity during melioidosis","volume":"11","author":"Lankelma","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.23919\/INM.2017.7987433","article-title":"Applied machine learning predictive analytics to SQL injection attack detection and prevention","volume":"7","author":"Latchoumi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Eur J Mol Clin Med."},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e340","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.36","article-title":"Microbiota in T-cell homeostasis and inflammatory diseases","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4141(200112)31:12<3504::AID-IMMU3504>3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"Dopamine interacts directly with its D3 and D2 receptors on normal human T cells, and activates beta1 integrin function","volume":"31","author":"Levite","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002269","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002269","article-title":"Suppression of dendritic cell-derived IL-12 by endogenous glucocorticoids is protective in LPS-induced sepsis","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.09.033","article-title":"Administration of Lactobacillus helveticus NS8 improves behavioral, cognitive, and biochemical aberrations caused by chronic restraint stress","volume":"310","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-121236","article-title":"Glucocorticoids inhibit GATA-3 phosphorylation and activity in T cells","volume":"23","author":"Liberman","year":"2009","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-7452com","article-title":"The activated glucocorticoid receptor inhibits the transcription factor T-bet by direct protein-protein interaction","volume":"21","author":"Liberman","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94073-z","article-title":"The role of leptospiremia and specific immune response in severe leptospirosis","volume":"11","author":"Limothai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Scientific Rep."},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-012-9780-2","article-title":"The ex vivo production of IL-6 and IL-21 by CD4+ T cells is directly associated with neurological disability in neuromyelitis optica patients","volume":"33","author":"Linhares","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2023.100773","article-title":"Prevalence of stress, anxiety, and symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder among Ukrainians after the first year of Russian invasion: a nationwide cross-sectional study","volume":"36","author":"Lushchak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Region Health."},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2006.06.019","article-title":"Induction of anxiety-like behavior in mice during the initial stages of infection with the agent of murine colonic hyperplasia Citrobacter rodentium","volume":"89","author":"Lyte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(98)00145-0","article-title":"Anxiogenic effect of subclinical bacterial infection in mice in the absence of overt immune activation","volume":"65","author":"Lyte","year":"1998","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-010-1050-0","article-title":"Stress at the intestinal surface: catecholamines and mucosa-bacteria interactions","volume":"343","author":"Lyte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref118","first-page":"117","article-title":"The gut-brain barrier in major depression: intestinal mucosal dysfunction with an increased translocation of LPS from gram negative enterobacteria (leaky gut) plays a role in the inflammatory pathophysiology of depression","volume":"29","author":"Maes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuro Endocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2012.01908.x","article-title":"In depression, bacterial translocation may drive inflammatory responses, oxidative and nitrosative stress (O&NS), and autoimmune responses directed against O&NS-damaged neoepitopes","volume":"127","author":"Maes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.68.5.885","article-title":"Properties of adenylate cyclase of lymphoid cells","volume":"68","author":"Makman","year":"1971","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000076","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000076","article-title":"Suppression of GATA-3 nuclear import and phosphorylation: a novel mechanism of corticosteroid action in allergic disease","volume":"6","author":"Maneechotesuwan","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43859","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43859","article-title":"Microbiota alteration is associated with the development of stress-induced despair behavior","volume":"7","author":"Marin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2016.08.001","article-title":"Augmentation of T helper type 1 immune response through intestinal immunity in murine cutaneous herpes simplex virus type 1 infection by probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strain 06CC2","volume":"39","author":"Matsusaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.47.6.861","article-title":"The neurobiology of stress and gastrointestinal disease","volume":"47","author":"Mayer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.05.007","article-title":"An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system","volume":"122","author":"Mazmanian","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2010.10.019","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of beta2-adrenergic receptor expression in T(H)1 and T(H)2 cells","volume":"25","author":"McAlees","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510004319","article-title":"Assessment of psychotropic-like properties of a probiotic formulation (Lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in rats and human subjects","volume":"105","author":"Messaoudi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2011.09.002","article-title":"Modulation of bacterial translocation in mice mediated through lactose and human milk oligosaccharides","volume":"17","author":"Mielcarek","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000620","article-title":"Controversies revisited: a systematic review of the comorbidity of depression and anxiety with inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"22","author":"Mikocka-Walus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00046-08","article-title":"Pathogen recognition and inflammatory signaling in innate immune defenses","volume":"22","author":"Mogensen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.25854","article-title":"Interaction between intestinal dendritic cells and bacteria translocated from the gut in rats with cirrhosis","volume":"56","author":"Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6022","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.9.6022","article-title":"Differential TLR recognition of leptospiral lipid a and lipopolysaccharide in murine and human cells","volume":"175","author":"Nahori","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.06.012","article-title":"Antagonizing dopamine D1-like receptor inhibits Th17 cell differentiation: preventive and therapeutic effects on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"373","author":"Nakano","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxp033","article-title":"Dopamine released by dendritic cells polarizes Th2 differentiation","volume":"21","author":"Nakano","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12378","article-title":"Correlation between the human fecal microbiota and depression","volume":"26","author":"Naseribafrouei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14516","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15099-w","article-title":"Butyrate and propionate inhibit antigen-specific CD8(+) T cell activation by suppressing IL-12 production by antigen-presenting cells","volume":"7","author":"Nastasi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22052351","article-title":"Effects of microbiota imbalance in anxiety and eating disorders: probiotics as novel therapeutic approaches","volume":"22","author":"Navarro-Tapia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4814","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i33.4814","article-title":"Intestinal permeability in the pathogenesis of liver damage: from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to liver transplantation","volume":"25","author":"Nicoletti","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12110","article-title":"Commensal microbiota modulate murine behaviors in a strictly contamination-free environment confirmed by culture-based methods","volume":"25","author":"Nishino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2006.05.013","article-title":"Plasma cytokine profiles in depressed patients who fail to respond to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor therapy","volume":"41","author":"O'Brien","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.07.012","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory Chromatinscape suggests alternative mechanisms of glucocorticoid receptor action","volume":"47","author":"Oh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.06.026","article-title":"Early life stress alters behavior, immunity, and microbiota in rats: implications for irritable bowel syndrome and psychiatric illnesses","volume":"65","author":"O'Mahony","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1000112","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000112","article-title":"Commensal-induced regulatory T cells mediate protection against pathogen-stimulated NF-kappaB activation","volume":"4","author":"O'Mahony","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2009.07.018","article-title":"Role of dopamine in the physiology of T-cells and dendritic cells","volume":"216","author":"Pacheco","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.31688\/ABMU.2022.57.3.02","article-title":"The risk factors of severe leptospirosis in the Transcarpathian region of Ukraine\u2013search for \u201cred flags\u201d","volume":"57","author":"Petakh","year":"","journal-title":"Arch Balk Med Union."},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12121830","article-title":"Weil's disease-immunopathogenesis, multiple organ failure, and potential role of gut microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Petakh","year":"","journal-title":"Biomolecules."},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2022.0063","article-title":"Leptospirosis: prognostic model for patient mortality in the Transcarpathian region, Ukraine","volume":"22","author":"Petakh","year":"","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis."},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2023.101106","article-title":"Risks of outbreaks: the health concerns of internally displaced persons in Transcarpathia, Ukraine","volume":"52","author":"Petakh","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhip.2023.100397","article-title":"Infectious diseases during the Russian-Ukrainian war\u2014morbidity in the Transcarpathian region as a marker of epidemic danger on the EU border","volume":"6","author":"Petakh","year":"","journal-title":"Public Health Pract."},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.53854\/liim-3002-13","article-title":"Predictors of lethality in severe leptospirosis in Transcarpathian region of Ukraine","volume":"30","author":"Petakh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Infez. Med."},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1177\/00494755231187673","article-title":"Identifying risk factors and disease severity in leptospirosis: a meta-analysis of clinical predictors","volume":"53","author":"Petakh","year":"","journal-title":"Trop. Doct."},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.07.049","article-title":"The inflammasome","volume":"15","author":"Petrilli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Curr Biol."},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-020-01629-x","article-title":"Regulatory T cells are less sensitive to glucocorticoid hormone induced apoptosis than CD4(+) T cells","volume":"25","author":"Prenek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1038\/13503","article-title":"The role of CD4+ lymphocytes in the susceptibility of mice to stress-induced reactivation of experimental colitis","volume":"5","author":"Qiu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248414555004","article-title":"Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus salivarius UBL S22 and prebiotic Fructo-oligosaccharide on serum lipids, inflammatory markers, insulin sensitivity, and gut bacteria in healthy young volunteers: a randomized controlled single-blind pilot study","volume":"20","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Therapeut."},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20130301","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory human Th17 cells selectively express P-glycoprotein and are refractory to glucocorticoids","volume":"211","author":"Ramesh","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-1-6","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of a probiotic in emotional symptoms of chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"1","author":"Rao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.097022.109","article-title":"Genomic determination of the glucocorticoid response reveals unexpected mechanisms of gene regulation","volume":"19","author":"Reddy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"ref159","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10092228","article-title":"Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper-mediated TLR2 downregulation accounts for reduced neutrophil activity following acute DEX treatment","volume":"10","author":"Ricci","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00472","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor-deficient Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells fail to control experimental inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"10","author":"Rocamora-Reverte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748253","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.748253","article-title":"Gut microbes and hepatic encephalopathy: from the old concepts to new perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Rocco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.42","article-title":"Gut microbiota, metabolites and host immunity","volume":"16","author":"Rooks","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Nat Rev Immunol."},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12204","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909122107","article-title":"Inducible Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell development by a commensal bacterium of the intestinal microbiota","volume":"107","author":"Round","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(00)00253-8","article-title":"Noradrenaline induces phosphorylation of ERK-2 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells after induction of alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors","volume":"108","author":"Rouppe van der Voort","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1159\/000049004","article-title":"Physiological concentrations of dopamine inhibit the proliferation and cytotoxicity of human CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in vitro: a receptor-mediated mechanism","volume":"9","author":"Saha","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10020145","article-title":"Leptospiral infection, pathogenesis and its diagnosis-a review","volume":"10","author":"Samrot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.5.630","article-title":"Role of mast cells in chronic stress induced colonic epithelial barrier dysfunction in the rat","volume":"48","author":"Santos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7525","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.11.7525","article-title":"Cutting edge: stimulation of dopamine D4 receptors induce T cell quiescence by up-regulating Kruppel-like factor-2 expression through inhibition of ERK1\/ERK2 phosphorylation","volume":"177","author":"Sarkar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2016.09.002","article-title":"Psychobiotics and the manipulation of bacteria-gut-brain signals","volume":"39","author":"Sarkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-018-0518-3","article-title":"Time-resolved transcriptome and proteome landscape of human regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation reveals novel regulators of FOXP3","volume":"16","author":"Schmidt","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14027","article-title":"Growth and host interaction of mouse segmented filamentous bacteria in vitro","volume":"520","author":"Schnupf","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.91","article-title":"Severe Leptospira interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae infection with hepato-renal-pulmonary involvement treated with corticosteroids","volume":"2","author":"Schulze","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep."},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-16996-1_6","article-title":"The impact of everyday stressors on the immune system and health","volume-title":"Stress challenges and immunity in space: From mechanisms to monitoring and preventive strategies","author":"Seiler","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref174","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.219691","article-title":"Role of innate immunity and the microbiota in liver fibrosis: crosstalk between the liver and gut","volume":"590","author":"Seki","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160884","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease histological and behavioral manifestations in transgenic mice correlate with specific gut microbiome state","volume":"56","author":"Shen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.79430","article-title":"The role of gut microbiota in T cell immunity and immune mediated disorders","volume":"19","author":"Shim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.04183.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: the effects of a fermented milk containing three probiotic bacteria in patients with irritable bowel syndrome\u2014a randomized, double-blind, controlled study","volume":"31","author":"Simr\u00e9n","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Therapeut."},{"key":"ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G793","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00238.2014","article-title":"Probiotics normalize the gut-brain-microbiota axis in immunodeficient mice","volume":"307","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2011.00111","article-title":"The gut microbiota and mucosal T cells","volume":"2","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref180","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8951","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1537100100","article-title":"Bacteria-host communication: the language of hormones","volume":"100","author":"Sperandio","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref181","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(94)94155-6","article-title":"The effect of dexamethasone administration on rat intestinal permeability: the role of bacterial adherence","volume":"106","author":"Spitz","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.04.003","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial to test the effect of multispecies probiotics on cognitive reactivity to sad mood","volume":"48","author":"Steenbergen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2012.02.007","article-title":"Norepinephrine suppresses IFN-\u03b3 and TNF-\u03b1 production by murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes via the \u03b2\u2081 adrenoceptor","volume":"245","author":"Takayanagi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2011.08.007","article-title":"Efficacy of oral administration of heat-killed probiotics from Mongolian dairy products against influenza infection in mice: alleviation of influenza infection by its immunomodulatory activity through intestinal immunity","volume":"11","author":"Takeda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2680.2000.00196.x","article-title":"In situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry of alpha1-adrenoceptors in human peripheral blood lymphocytes","volume":"20","author":"Tayebati","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Auton. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000493","article-title":"Brain structure and response to emotional stimuli as related to gut microbial profiles in healthy women","volume":"79","author":"Tillisch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref187","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2011.12.008","article-title":"Defective cell death signalling along the Bcl-2 regulated apoptosis pathway compromises Treg cell development and limits their functionality in mice","volume":"38","author":"Tischner","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref188","first-page":"429","article-title":"Plasma exchange with immunosuppression in pulmonary alveolar haemorrhage due to leptospirosis","volume":"131","author":"Trivedi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000572","article-title":"Interactions between stress and sex in microbial responses within the microbiota-gut-brain Axis in a mouse model","volume":"80","author":"Tsilimigras","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2014.05.014","article-title":"Cytokines and chemokines: at the crossroads of cell signalling and inflammatory disease","volume":"1843","author":"Turner","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Bioch Biophys Acta Mol Cell Res."},{"key":"ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2012.10.013","article-title":"Insights into negative regulation by the glucocorticoid receptor from genome-wide profiling of inflammatory cistromes","volume":"49","author":"Uhlenhaut","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref192","first-page":"3012","article-title":"Plasma dopamine: regulation and significance","volume":"42","author":"Van Loon","year":"1983","journal-title":"Fed. Proc."},{"key":"ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.03.010","article-title":"The blood-brain barrier in systemic inflammation","volume":"60","author":"Varatharaj","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e249","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2013.27","article-title":"Anxiety disorders and inflammation in a large adult cohort","volume":"3","author":"Vogelzangs","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1006\/cyto.2001.0965","article-title":"Regulation of beta2-adrenergic receptors on CD4 and CD8 positive lymphocytes by cytokines in vitro","volume":"16","author":"Wahle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.118","article-title":"T(H)2 cell development and function","volume":"18","author":"Walker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2009.03.020","article-title":"Crosstalk between activated forms of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and glucocorticoid receptor","volume":"262","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref198","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.46.3.809-813.1984","article-title":"Role of specific antibody in interaction of leptospires with human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Infect Immun."},{"key":"ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.2.848","article-title":"Dopamine selectively induces migration and homing of naive CD8+ T cells via dopamine receptor D3","volume":"176","author":"Watanabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/86354","article-title":"Leptospiral lipopolysaccharide activates cells through a TLR2-dependent mechanism","volume":"2","author":"Werts","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref201","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref202","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000002977","article-title":"Poisoned waters of war: Ukraine\u2019s invisible victims","volume":"66","author":"Wilkenfeld","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD014935","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD014935","article-title":"Corticosteroids for treatment of leptospirosis","volume":"2022","author":"Win","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e97048","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097048","article-title":"Aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection causes rapid loss of diversity in gut microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Winglee","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H55","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2010.02031.x","article-title":"Modulation of Th1\/Th2 balance by lactobacillus strains isolated from kimchi via stimulation of macrophage cell line J774A.1 in vitro","volume":"76","author":"Won","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-021-01122-6","article-title":"Gut microbiota involved in leptospiral infections","volume":"16","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45942","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45942","article-title":"Bifidobacterium in the gut microbiota confer resilience to chronic social defeat stress in mice","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e35","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030035","article-title":"Dynorphin activates quorum sensing quinolone signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"3","author":"Zaborina","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2011.07.010","article-title":"CD8(+) T cells: foot soldiers of the immune system","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-020-02007-1","article-title":"Influenza infection elicits an expansion of gut population of endogenous Bifidobacterium animalis which protects mice against infection","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30607","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.49.30607","article-title":"STAT3 acts as a co-activator of glucocorticoid receptor signaling","volume":"272","author":"Zhang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.01.006","article-title":"Maternal prenatal stress is associated with the infant intestinal microbiota","volume":"53","author":"Zijlmans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1345684\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]],"date-time":"2024-02-27T04:47:02Z","timestamp":1709009222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1345684\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"references-count":212,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1345684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1345684","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,27]]},"article-number":"1345684"}}