{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T05:14:40Z","timestamp":1786598080168,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis are two major neglected tropical diseases that are responsible for causing severe disability in 50 million people worldwide, whilst veterinary filariasis (heartworm) is a potentially lethal parasitic infection of companion animals. There is an urgent need for safe, short-course curative (macrofilaricidal) drugs to eliminate these debilitating parasite infections. We investigated combination treatments of the novel anti-<jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> azaquinazoline small molecule, AWZ1066S, with benzimidazole drugs (albendazole or oxfendazole) in up to four different rodent filariasis infection models: <jats:italic>Brugia malayi\u2014<\/jats:italic>CB.17 SCID mice<jats:italic>, B. malayi\u2014<\/jats:italic>Mongolian gerbils, <jats:italic>B. pahangi\u2014<\/jats:italic>Mongolian gerbils, and <jats:italic>Litomosoides sigmodontis\u2014<\/jats:italic>Mongolian gerbils. Combination treatments synergised to elicit threshold (&amp;gt;90%) <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> depletion from female worms in 5 days of treatment, using 2-fold lower dose-exposures of AWZ1066S than monotherapy. Short-course lowered dose AWZ1066S-albendazole combination treatments also delivered partial adulticidal activities and\/or long-lasting inhibition of embryogenesis, resulting in complete transmission blockade in <jats:italic>B. pahangi<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>L. sigmodontis<\/jats:italic> gerbil models. We determined that short-course AWZ1066S-albendazole co-treatment significantly augmented the depletion of <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> populations within both germline and hypodermal tissues of <jats:italic>B. malayi<\/jats:italic> female worms and in hypodermal tissues in male worms, indicating that anti-<jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> synergy is not limited to targeting female embryonic tissues. Our data provides pre-clinical proof-of-concept that sub-seven-day combinations of rapid-acting novel anti-<jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> agents with benzimidazole anthelmintics are a promising curative and transmission-blocking drug treatment strategy for filarial diseases of medical and veterinary importance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1346068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T04:38:07Z","timestamp":1706762287000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Combinations of the azaquinazoline anti-Wolbachia agent, AWZ1066S, with benzimidazole anthelmintics synergise to mediate sub-seven-day sterilising and curative efficacies in experimental models of filariasis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shrilakshmi","family":"Hegde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy E.","family":"Marriott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Pionnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Steven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Bulman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Gunderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Vogel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Koschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Ehrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Lustigman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denis","family":"Voronin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy","family":"Tricoche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Hoerauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc P.","family":"H\u00fcbner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"Sakanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghaith","family":"Aljayyoussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabian","family":"Gusovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Dagley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"O'Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven A.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph D.","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00322-5","article-title":"Short-course, high-dose rifampicin achieves Wolbachia depletion predictive of curative outcomes in preclinical models of lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis","volume":"7","author":"Aljayyoussi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B2","first-page":"356","article-title":"The chemotherapy of onchocerciasis. XV. Studies with albendazole","volume":"42","author":"Awadzi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01018","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01018-20","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of oxfendazole in healthy adults in an open-label phase 1 multiple ascending dose and food effect study","volume":"64","author":"Bach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"aav3523","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aav3523","article-title":"Discovery of short-course antiwolbachial quinazolines for elimination of filarial worm infections","volume":"11","author":"Bakowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-1934-7","article-title":"Effects of albendazole on Litomosoides chagasfilhoi (Nematoda: Filarioidea) females in vivo","volume":"107","author":"Cardenas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005945","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005945","article-title":"Assessment of serum pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion of albendazole and its metabolites in human volunteers","volume":"12","author":"Ceballos","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2021.59.3.189","article-title":"Albendazole and mebendazole as anti-parasitic and anti-cancer agents: an update","volume":"59","author":"Chai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kor. J. Parasitol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008935","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008935","article-title":"Dual RNAseq analyses at soma and germline levels reveal evolutionary innovations in the elephantiasis-agent Brugia malayi, and adaptation of its Wolbachia endosymbionts","volume":"15","author":"Chevignon","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22703","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022703","article-title":"Wolbachia bacteria reside in host Golgi-related vesicles whose position is regulated by polarity proteins","volume":"6","author":"Cho","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07826-2","article-title":"Industrial scale high-throughput screening delivers multiple fast acting macrofilaricides","volume":"10","author":"Clare","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/1087057114551518","article-title":"Development and validation of a high-throughput anti-Wolbachia whole-cell screen: a route to macrofilaricidal drugs against onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis","volume":"20","author":"Clare","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Screen"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.7.4.631","article-title":"Golgi dispersal during microtubule disruption: regeneration of Golgi stacks at peripheral endoplasmic reticulum exit sites","volume":"7","author":"Cole","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/ja.2017.11","article-title":"Ivermectin: enigmatic multifaceted 'wonder' drug continues to surprise and exceed expectations","volume":"70","author":"Crump","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antibiot"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0020092","article-title":"Doxycycline reduces plasma VEGF-C\/sVEGFR-3 and improves pathology in lymphatic filariasis","volume":"2","author":"Debrah","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2965","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002965","article-title":"Wolbachia enhances West Nile virus (WNV) infection in the mosquito Culex tarsalis","volume":"8","author":"Dodson","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"key":"B16","first-page":"361","article-title":"Longevity of microfilariae following removal of the adult worms","volume":"37","author":"Eberhard","year":"1986","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3205\/id000079","article-title":"Current perspective of new anti-Wolbachial and direct-acting macrofilaricidal drugs as treatment strategies for human filariasis","author":"Ehrens","year":"2022"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2018.03.017","article-title":"Wolbachia control stem cell behavior and stimulate germline proliferation in filarial nematodes","volume":"45","author":"Foray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e121","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0030121","article-title":"The Wolbachia genome of Brugia malayi: endosymbiont evolution within a human pathogenic nematode","volume":"3","author":"Foster","year":"2005","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)11094-1","article-title":"Serious reactions after mass treatment of onchocerciasis with ivermectin in an area endemic for Loa loa infection","volume":"350","author":"Gardon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3224","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003224","article-title":"Iron necessity: the secret of Wolbachia's success?","volume":"8","author":"Gill","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.06.028","article-title":"Comparative plasma disposition of fenbendazole, oxfendazole and albendazole in dogs","volume":"148","author":"Gokbulut","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2018.1555241","article-title":"Oxfendazole: a promising agent for the treatment and control of helminth infections in humans","volume":"17","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Rev. Anti Infect. Ther"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008623","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008623","article-title":"The endosymbiont Wolbachia rebounds following antibiotic treatment","volume":"16","author":"Gunderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2147\/RRTM.S125204","article-title":"Elimination of lymphatic filariasis: current perspectives on mass drug administration","volume":"9","author":"Gyapong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Trop. Med"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1086\/315735","article-title":"Strong association of interleukin-6 and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein with severity of adverse reactions after diethylcarbamazine treatment of microfilaremic patients","volume":"182","author":"Haarbrink","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0472-z","article-title":"A murine macrofilaricide pre-clinical screening model for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis","volume":"7","author":"Halliday","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vect"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2010.2367","article-title":"A worm's best friend: recruitment of neutrophils by Wolbachia confounds eosinophil degranulation against the filarial nematode Onchocerca ochengi","volume":"278","author":"Hansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-007-0062-1","article-title":"Wolbachia endobacteria depletion by doxycycline as antifilarial therapy has macrofilaricidal activity in onchocerciasis: a randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"197","author":"Hoerauf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1816585116","article-title":"AWZ1066S, a highly specific anti-Wolbachia drug candidate for a short-course treatment of filariasis","volume":"116","author":"Hong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0006320","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006320","article-title":"Macrofilaricidal efficacy of single and repeated oral and subcutaneous doses of flubendazole in Litomosoides sigmodontis infected jirds","volume":"13","author":"Hubner","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2019.12.001","article-title":"Short-course quinazoline drug treatments are effective in the Litomosoides sigmodontis and Brugia pahangi jird models","volume":"12","author":"Hubner","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0007636","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007636","article-title":"In vivo kinetics of Wolbachia depletion by ABBV-4083 in L. sigmodontis adult worms and microfilariae","volume":"13","author":"Hubner","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008427","article-title":"Oxfendazole mediates macrofilaricidal efficacy against the filarial nematode Litomosoides sigmodontis in vivo and inhibits Onchocerca spec. motility in vitro","author":"Hubner","year":""},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaao1551","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao1551","article-title":"Identification and prioritization of novel anti-Wolbachia chemotypes from screening a 10,000-compound diversity library","volume":"3","author":"Johnston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2021.06.004","article-title":"Anti-Wolbachia drugs for filariasis","volume":"37","author":"Johnston","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(10)73008-6","article-title":"The drugs we have and the drugs we need against major helminth infections","volume":"73","author":"Keiser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Parasitol"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0005156","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005156","article-title":"Comparison of doxycycline, minocycline, doxycycline plus albendazole and albendazole alone in their efficacy against onchocerciasis in a randomized, open-label, pilot trial","volume":"11","author":"Klarmann-Schulz","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/168.1.202","article-title":"Albendazole in human loiasis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"168","author":"Klion","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.03.005","article-title":"Wolbachia, doxycycline and macrocyclic lactones: new prospects in the treatment of canine heartworm disease","volume":"254","author":"Kramer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(90)90227-U","article-title":"Mode of action of benzimidazoles","volume":"6","author":"Lacey","year":"1990","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2147\/RRTM.S224364","article-title":"Onchocerciasis elimination: progress and challenges","volume":"11","author":"Lakwo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Trop. Med"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.2012737","article-title":"Both asymmetric mitotic segregation and cell-to-cell invasion are required for stable germline transmission of Wolbachia in filarial nematodes","volume":"1","author":"Landmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Open"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e758","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000758","article-title":"Asymmetric Wolbachia segregation during early Brugia malayi embryogenesis determines its distribution in adult host tissues","volume":"4","author":"Landmann","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002351","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002351","article-title":"Anti-filarial activity of antibiotic therapy is due to extensive apoptosis after Wolbachia depletion from filarial nematodes","volume":"7","author":"Landmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.1995.tb00578.x","article-title":"Comparative plasma disposition kinetics of albendazole, fenbendazole, oxfendazole and their metabolites in adult sheep","volume":"18","author":"Lanusse","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51597","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051597","article-title":"Characterization of transcription factors that regulate the type IV secretion system and riboflavin biosynthesis in Wolbachia of Brugia malayi","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1186","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30286-2","article-title":"The global distribution of lymphatic filariasis, 2000-18: a geospatial analysis","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9926101","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9926101","article-title":"Molecular characterization of a reemergent Brugia malayi parasite in Sri Lanka, suggestive of a novel strain","volume":"2021","author":"Mallawarachchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1208301","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1208301","article-title":"Dirofilariasis mouse models for heartworm preclinical research","volume":"14","author":"Marriott","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00856-x","article-title":"Lymphatic filariasis elimination endgame in an urban Indian setting: the roles of surveillance and residual microfilaremia after mass drug administration","volume":"10","author":"Modi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.03.016","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of doxycycline in domestic cats naturally infected with Brugia malayi in field condition","volume":"200","author":"Nochot","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182001007788","article-title":"Assessment of benzimidazole binding to individual recombinant tubulin isotypes from Haemonchus contortus. Parasitology","author":"Oxberry","year":"2001"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2120003119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2120003119","article-title":"Wolbachia depletion blocks transmission of lymphatic filariasis by preventing chitinase-dependent parasite exsheathment","volume":"119","author":"Quek","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213143","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1213143","article-title":"The efficacy of the benzimidazoles oxfendazole and flubendazole against Litomosoides sigmodontis is dependent on the adaptive and innate immune system","volume":"14","author":"Risch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0008930","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008930","article-title":"Corallopyronin A for short-course anti-wolbachial, macrofilaricidal treatment of filarial infections","volume":"14","author":"Schiefer","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jis341","article-title":"Corallopyronin A specifically targets and depletes essential obligate Wolbachia endobacteria from filarial nematodes in vivo","volume":"206","author":"Schiefer","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23458","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23458","article-title":"Minocycline as a re-purposed anti-Wolbachia macrofilaricide: superiority compared with doxycycline regimens in a murine infection model of human lymphatic filariasis","volume":"6","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1179\/000349802125001663","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of the co-administration of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole","volume":"96","author":"Shenoy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6436130","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6436130","article-title":"The complexity of zoonotic filariasis episystem and its consequences: a multidisciplinary view","volume":"2017","author":"Simon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1007\/s13199-010-0067-1","article-title":"The Wolbachia endosymbiont as an anti-filarial nematode target","volume":"51","author":"Slatko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Symbiosis"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2080","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002080","article-title":"A success story: Togo is moving toward becoming the first sub-Saharan African nation to eliminate lymphatic filariasis through mass drug administration and countrywide morbidity alleviation","volume":"7","author":"Sodahlon","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527823413.ch14","article-title":"\u201cProduct profiles for new drugs against human and animal filariasis,\u201d","volume-title":"Human and Animal Filariasis: Landscape, Challenges, and Control","author":"Specht","year":"2022"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35559","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35559","article-title":"Wolbachia endosymbionts induce neutrophil extracellular trap formation in human onchocerciasis","volume":"6","author":"Tamarozzi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2011.00916.x","article-title":"Endosymbiotic bacteria associated with nematodes, ticks and amoebae","volume":"64","author":"Taylor","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1998.4383","article-title":"16S rDNA phylogeny and ultrastructural characterization of Wolbachia intracellular bacteria of the filarial nematodes Brugia malayi, B. pahangi, and Wuchereria bancrofti","volume":"91","author":"Taylor","year":"1999"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01533-1","article-title":"Wolbachia bacteria of filarial nematodes","volume":"15","author":"Taylor","year":"1999","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66591-9","article-title":"Macrofilaricidal activity after doxycycline treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti: a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"365","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1086\/501351","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind clinical trial of a 3-week course of doxycycline plus albendazole and ivermectin for the treatment of Wuchereria bancrofti infection","volume":"42","author":"Turner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2020.109057","article-title":"anti-Wolbachia drugs, a new approach in the treatment and prevention of veterinary filariasis?","volume":"279","author":"Turner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E9712","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1710845114","article-title":"Albendazole and antibiotics synergize to deliver short-course anti-Wolbachia curative treatments in preclinical models of filariasis","volume":"114","author":"Turner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e660","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000660","article-title":"Macrofilaricidal activity after doxycycline only treatment of Onchocerca volvulus in an area of Loa loa co-endemicity: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Turner","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1638","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1203519109","article-title":"Autophagy regulates Wolbachia populations across diverse symbiotic associations","volume":"109","author":"Voronin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.03.056","article-title":"Stable high-density and maternally inherited Wolbachia infections in Anopheles moucheti and Anopheles demeilloni mosquitoes","volume":"31","author":"Walker","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Biol"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03425","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03425-16","article-title":"Mechanisms of horizontal cell-to-cell transfer of Wolbachia spp. in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"83","author":"White","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B76","volume-title":"Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis: Progress Report.","year":"2019"},{"key":"B77","volume-title":"Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030","year":"2020"},{"key":"B78","first-page":"591","article-title":"Elimination of human onchocerciasis: progress report, 2021","volume":"97","year":"2022","journal-title":"Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e475","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000475","article-title":"The heme biosynthetic pathway of the obligate Wolbachia endosymbiont of Brugia malayi as a potential anti-filarial drug target","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2016.08.009","article-title":"Molecular pathway of microtubule organization at the golgi apparatus","volume":"39","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3992","article-title":"Anthelmintic drug albendazole arrests human gastric cancer cells at the mitotic phase and induces apoptosis","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1558","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001558","article-title":"Immunization with L. sigmodontis microfilariae reduces peripheral microfilaraemia after challenge infection by inhibition of filarial embryogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Ziewer","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1346068\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T04:38:14Z","timestamp":1706762294000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1346068\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"references-count":82,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1346068"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1346068","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]]},"article-number":"1346068"}}