{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T05:44:26Z","timestamp":1784958266100,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Excessive intake of lactate caused by improper use of silage in animal husbandry has adverse effects on rumen fermentation, such as rumen acidosis. The speed of absorption and metabolism of <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>-lactate in rumen epithelial cells was slower than that of <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>-lactate, making <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>-lactate more prone to accumulate and induce rumen acidosis. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the effects of dietary <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>-lactate levels on rumen fermentation of beef cattle and its mechanism in an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> system.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This experiment was adopted in single-factor random trial design, with 5\u2009days for adaptation and 3\u2009days for sample collection. Three treatments (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098\/treatment) were used: (1) D-LA (0.3%), basal fermentation substrate with 0.3% (dry matter, DM basis) <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>-lactate; (2) D-LA (0.75%), basal fermentation substrate with 0.75% (DM basis) <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>-lactate; and (3) D-LA (1.2%), basal fermentation substrate with 1.2% (DM basis) <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>-lactate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>With the dietary <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>-lactate levels increased, the daily production of total gas, hydrogen and methane, as well as the ruminal concentrations of acetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, isovalerate, total volatile fatty acid and <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>-lactate increased (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), but the ruminal pH and acetate\/propionate ratios decreased (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Principle coordinate analysis based on Bray-Curtis distance showed that increasing dietary <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>-lactate levels could significantly affect the structure of rumen bacterial community (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), but had no significant effect on the structure of rumen eukaryotic community (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05). <jats:italic>NK4A214_group<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Ruminococcus_gauvreauii_group<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Eubacterium_oxidoreducens_group<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Escherichia-Shigella<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Marvinbryantia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Entodinium<\/jats:italic> were enriched in D-LA (1.2%) group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), as well as <jats:italic>WCHB1-41<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>vadinBE97<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Anaeroplasma<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Ruminococcus<\/jats:italic> were enriched in D-LA (0.3%) group (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Changes in the composition of ruminal microorganisms affected rumen metabolism, mainly focus on the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Overall, feeding whole-plant corn silage with high <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>-lactate content could not induce rumen acidosis, and the metabolization of dietary <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>-lactate into volatile fatty acids increased the energy supply of beef cattle. However, it also increased the ruminal CH<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> emissions and the relative abundance of opportunistic pathogen <jats:italic>Escherichia-Shigella<\/jats:italic> in beef cattle. The relative abundance of <jats:italic>Verrucomicrobiota<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Escherichia-Shigella<\/jats:italic> may be influenced by glycosaminoglycans, reflecting the interaction between rumen microorganisms and metabolites.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1348729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]],"date-time":"2024-02-06T05:05:02Z","timestamp":1707195902000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Effects of dietary D-lactate levels on rumen fermentation, microflora and metabolomics of beef cattle"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonghui","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weijun","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fachun","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis","year":"2006"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2021-20165","article-title":"Proper motility enhances rumen fermentation and microbial protein synthesis with decreased saturation of dissolved gases in rumen simulation technique","volume":"105","author":"Arowolo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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