{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T21:41:31Z","timestamp":1791236491223,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711411200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Melatonin (MEL) is a crucial neuroendocrine hormone primarily produced by the pineal gland. Pinealectomy (PINX) has been performed on an endogenous MEL deficiency model to investigate the functions of pineal MEL and its relationship with various diseases. However, the effect of PINX on the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) MEL levels and gut microbiome in pigs has not been previously reported.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>By using a newly established pig PINX model, we detected the levels of MEL in the GIT by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry. In addition, we examined the effects of PINX on the expression of MEL synthesis enzymes, intestinal histomorphology, and the intestinal barrier. Furthermore, 16S rRNA sequencing was performed to analyze the colonic microbiome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>PINX reduced serum MEL levels but did not affect GIT MEL levels. Conversely, MEL supplementation increased MEL levels in the GIT and intestinal contents. Neither PINX nor MEL supplementation had any effect on weight gain, organ coefficient, serum biochemical indexes, or MEL synthetase arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) expression in the duodenum, ileum, and colon. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in the intestinal morphology or intestinal mucosal barrier function due to the treatments. Additionally, 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that PINX had no significant impact on the composition of the intestinal microbiota. Nevertheless, MEL supplementation decreased the abundance of Fibrobacterota and increased the abundance of Actinobacteriota, Desulfobacterota, and Chloroflexi.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We demonstrated that synthesis of MEL in the GIT is independent of the pineal gland. PINX had no influence on intestinal MEL level and microbiota composition in pigs, while exogenous MEL alters the structure of the gut microbiota.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1352586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]],"date-time":"2024-03-26T15:29:18Z","timestamp":1711466958000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Intestinal melatonin levels and gut microbiota homeostasis are independent of the pineal gland in pigs"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jiaming","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yewen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kezhe","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuneng","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiali","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01469","article-title":"A phylogenomic analysis of the bacterial phylum fibrobacteres","volume":"6","author":"Abdul Rahman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. 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