{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T12:39:57Z","timestamp":1791549597497,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Neonatal calf diarrhea is a multifactorial condition that occurs in early life when calves are particularly susceptible to enteric infection and dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. Good calf health is dependent on successful passive transfer of immunity from the dam through colostrum. There are limited studies on the developing gut microbiota from birth to weaning in calves.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methodology<\/jats:title><jats:p>Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of immune status and diarrheal incidence on the development of the fecal microbiota in Jersey (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200922) and Holstein (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200929) heifer calves throughout the pre-weaning period. Calves were hand-fed a colostrum volume equivalent to 8.5% of their birthweight, from either the calf\u2019s dam (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200928) or re-heated mixed colostrum (\u22642 cows, \u22641d; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u200923) within 2\u2009h of birth. All calves were clinically assessed using a modified Wisconsin\u2013Madison calf health scoring system and rectal temperature at day (d) 0, d7, d21, or disease manifestation (DM) and weaning (d83). Weights were recorded at d0, d21, and d83. Calf blood samples were collected at d7 for the determination of calf serum IgG (sIgG). Fecal samples were obtained at d7, d21\/DM [mean d22 (SE 0.70)], and at weaning for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the fecal microbiota. Data were processed in R using <jats:italic>DADA2<\/jats:italic>; taxonomy was assigned using the SILVA database and further analyzed using Phyloseq and MaAsLin 2.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and calf performance data underwent a Spearman rank-order correlation test. There was no effect (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05) of colostrum source or calf breed on serum total protein. An effect of calf breed (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) was observed on sIgG concentrations such that Holstein calves had 6.49 (SE 2.99) mg\/ml higher sIgG than Jersey calves. Colostrum source and calf breed had no effect (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05) on health status or the alpha diversity of the fecal microbiota. There was a relationship between health status and time interaction (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), whereby alpha diversity increased with time; however, diarrheic calves had reduced microbial diversity at DM. No difference (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05) in beta diversity of the microbiota was detected at d7 or d83. At the genus level, 33 ASVs were associated (adj.<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05) with health status over the pre-weaning period.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1359611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T04:48:23Z","timestamp":1714106903000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Health-associated changes of the fecal microbiota in dairy heifer calves during the pre-weaning period"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Sabine","family":"Scully","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernadette","family":"Earley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul E.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"McAloon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sin\u00e9ad M.","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(95)76914-4","article-title":"Effect of administration of bifidobacteria and lactic acid bacteria to newborn calves and piglets","volume":"78","author":"Abe","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7008","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19791","article-title":"Effect of preweaning disease on the reproductive performance and first-lactation milk production of heifers in a large dairy herd","volume":"104","author":"Abuelo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28733-y","article-title":"The composition of the perinatal intestinal microbiota in cattle","volume":"8","author":"Alipour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.01.035","article-title":"Dynamic progression of the calf's microbiome and its influence on host health","volume":"19","author":"Amin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12726","article-title":"Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation","volume":"504","author":"Arpaia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.13460","article-title":"Protective effects of bifidobacteria against enteropathogens","volume":"12","author":"Aw","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbial. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-320951","article-title":"Multiomics analysis reveals the presence of a microbiome in the gut of fetal lambs","volume":"70","author":"Bi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11890","article-title":"Bovine milk oligosaccharides decrease gut permeability and improve inflammation and microbial dysbiosis in diet-induced obese mice","volume":"100","author":"Boudry","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: high-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4516","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000080107","article-title":"Global patterns of 16S rRNA diversity at a depth of millions of sequences per sample","volume":"108","author":"Caporaso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082221","article-title":"A narrative review on the unexplored potential of colostrum as a preventative treatment and therapy for Diarrhea in neonatal dairy calves","volume":"11","author":"Carter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.08.006","article-title":"Mucosal immune system of cattle: all immune responses begin here","volume":"35","author":"Chase","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-022-00758-4","article-title":"Fecal microbiota dynamics and its relationship to diarrhea and health in dairy calves","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2014.15.1.1","article-title":"An overview of calf diarrhea\u2014infectious etiology, diagnosis, and intervention","volume":"15","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6991","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2013-7494","article-title":"Effect of feeding colostrum at different volumes and subsequent number of transition milk feeds on the serum immunoglobulin G concentration and health status of dairy calves","volume":"97","author":"Conneely","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159637","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1159637","article-title":"Alterations of microbiota and metabolites in the feces of calves with diarrhea associated with rotavirus and coronavirus infections","volume":"14","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref17","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3877","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.064626-0","article-title":"Faecalicoccus acidiformans gen. Nov., sp. nov., isolated from the chicken caecum, and reclassification of Streptococcus pleomorphus (Barnes et al. 1977), Eubacterium biforme (Eggerth 1935) and Eubacterium cylindroides (Cato et al. 1974) as Faecalicoccus pleomorphus comb. nov., Holdemanella biformis gen. Nov., comb. nov. and Faecalitalea cylindroides gen. Nov., comb. nov., respectively, within the family Erysipelotrichaceae","volume":"64","author":"De Maesschalck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.041376-0","article-title":"Description of Alloprevotella rava gen. Nov., sp. nov., isolated from the human oral cavity, and reclassification of Prevotella tannerae Moore et al. 1994 as Alloprevotella tannerae gen. Nov., comb. nov","volume":"63","author":"Downes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-023-00856-x","article-title":"Colonization and development of the gut microbiome in calves","volume":"14","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2017.1422257","article-title":"Effect of passive transfer status on response to glycoprotein E (gE)-negative bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) vaccine and weaning stress in pre-weaned dairy calves","volume":"46","author":"Dunn","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Anim. Res."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-019-0529-2","article-title":"Host genetic effects upon the early gut microbiota in a bovine model with graduated spectrum of genetic variation","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1139\/cjas-2020-0149","article-title":"Effects of colostrum management on transfer of passive immunity and the potential role of colostral bioavtive components on neonatal calf development and metabolism","volume":"101","author":"Fischer-Tlustos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.07.005","article-title":"Colostrum Management for Dairy Calves","volume":"35","author":"Godden","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1111\/jvim.14695","article-title":"Characterization of the Fecal bacterial microbiota of healthy and diarrheic dairy calves","volume":"31","author":"Gomez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.08.002","article-title":"The cattle microbiota and the immune system: an evolving field","volume":"35","author":"Gomez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846383","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.846383","article-title":"Calf Diarrhea is associated with a shift from obligated to facultative anaerobes and expansion of lactate-producing bacteria","volume":"9","author":"Gomez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17712","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74677-7","article-title":"A pioneer calf foetus microbiome","volume":"10","author":"Guzman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0238882","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238882","article-title":"Temporal changes in the fecal bacterial community in Holstein dairy calves from birth through the transition to a solid diet","volume":"15","author":"Hennessy","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7225","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19108","article-title":"Short communication: comparison of the fecal bacterial communities in diarrheic and nondiarrheic dairy calves from multiple farms in southeastern Pennsylvania","volume":"104","author":"Hennessy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10198","article-title":"Stress, immunity, and the management of calves","volume":"99","author":"Hulbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0029(20000801)50:3<184::AID-JEMT2>3.0.CO;2-H","article-title":"TNF alpha and the TNF receptor superfamily: structure-function relationship(s)","volume":"50","author":"Idriss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1515\/ijafr-2016-0016","article-title":"Electronic feeding behavioural data as indicators of health status in dairy calves","volume":"55","author":"Johnston","year":"2016","journal-title":"Irish J Agri Food Res"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252321000062","article-title":"Microbial colonization of the gastrointestinal tract of dairy calves\u2014a review of its importance and relationship to health and performance","volume":"22","author":"J\u00fanior","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17019","article-title":"Short communication: effect of feeding pooled and nonpooled high-quality colostrum on passive transfer of immunity, morbidity, and mortality in dairy calves","volume":"103","author":"King","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18129\/B9.bioc.microbiome","article-title":"microbiome R package","author":"Lahti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioconductor"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12826","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.12826","article-title":"Comparison of changes in fecal microbiota of calves with and without dam","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-0481-64-10","article-title":"Calf health from birth to weaning. I. General aspects of disease prevention","volume":"64","author":"Lorenz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ir. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-020-0678-3","article-title":"Linking perturbations to temporal changes in diversity, stability, and compositions of neonatal calf gut microbiota: prediction of diarrhea","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1009442","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009442","article-title":"Multivariable association discovery in population-scale meta-omics studies","volume":"17","author":"Mallick","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5996","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-12239","article-title":"Understanding the gut microbiome of dairy calves: opportunities to improve early-life gut health","volume":"100","author":"Malmuthuge","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02534","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02534-18","article-title":"Taxonomic and functional compositions of the small intestinal microbiome in neonatal calves provide a framework for understanding early life gut health","volume":"85","author":"Malmuthuge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-020-00052-6","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of the fecal microbiota in veal calves in a 6-month field trial","volume":"2","author":"Massot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731118003026","article-title":"Review: passive immunity in beef-suckler calves","volume":"13","author":"McGee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01842","article-title":"16S rRNA sequencing reveals relationship between potent cellulolytic genera and feed efficiency in the rumen of bulls","volume":"9","author":"McGovern","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252314000267","article-title":"Timely diagnosis of dairy calf respiratory disease using a standardized scoring system","volume":"15","author":"McGuirk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Health Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e61217","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217","article-title":"Phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data","volume":"8","author":"McMurdie","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.1.81","article-title":"Gram-positive anaerobic cocci","volume":"11","author":"Murdoch","year":"1998","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fiz203","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiz203","article-title":"Investigating temporal microbial dynamics in the rumen of beef calves raised on two farms during early life","volume":"96","author":"O'Hara","year":"2020","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e63157","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063157","article-title":"Fecal microbial diversity in pre-weaned dairy calves as described by pyrosequencing of metagenomic 16S rDNA. Associations of Faecalibacterium species with health and growth","volume":"8","author":"Oikonomou","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref49","volume-title":"Vegan: Community ecology package. R package","author":"Oksanen","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5056","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.005056","article-title":"Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes","volume":"71","author":"Oren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01206","article-title":"Rumen bacterial community composition in Holstein and Jersey cows is different under same dietary condition and is not affected by sampling method","volume":"7","author":"Paz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02615.x","article-title":"Review article: bifidobacteria as probiotic agents\u2014physiological effects and clinical benefits","volume":"22","author":"Picard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00979","article-title":"Bifidobacteria and butyrate-producing colon bacteria: importance and strategies for their stimulation in the human gut","volume":"7","author":"Rivi\u00e8re","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4647","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2015-10600","article-title":"An observational study using blood gas analysis to assess neonatal calf diarrhea and subsequent recovery with a European Commission-compliant oral electrolyte solution","volume":"99","author":"Sayers","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0262317","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262317","article-title":"Fecal microbiome profiles of neonatal dairy calves with varying severities of gastrointestinal disease","volume":"17","author":"Slanzon","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606825","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.606825","article-title":"Synthetic sequencing standards: a guide to database choice for rumen microbiota amplicon sequencing analysis","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01614","article-title":"Replacing barley and soybean meal with by-products, in a pasture based diet, alters daily methane output and the rumen microbial community in vitro using the rumen simulation technique (RUSITEC)","volume":"11","author":"Smith","year":"","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab275","article-title":"Effect of divergence in residual methane emissions on feed intake and efficiency, growth and carcass performance, and indices of rumen fermentation and methane emissions in finishing beef cattle","volume":"99","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fiy203","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiy203","article-title":"Colostrum feeding shapes the hindgut microbiota of dairy calves during the first 12 h of life","volume":"95","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fix179","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fix179","article-title":"Shift of hindgut microbiota and microbial short chain fatty acids profiles in dairy calves from birth to pre-weaning","volume":"94","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref61","volume-title":"Statistics at square one","author":"Swinscow","year":"1997"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e13114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e13114","article-title":"Oral and fecal microbiota in patients with diarrheal irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"9","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958210","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.958210","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance and mechanisms of pathogenic bacteria in Tubo-ovarian abscess","volume":"12","author":"Tang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3507","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S313385","article-title":"Effects of short-term dietary Fiber intervention on gut microbiota in young healthy people","volume":"14","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2018.07.014","article-title":"An observational study on passive immunity in Irish suckler beef and dairy calves: tests for failure of passive transfer of immunity and associations with health and performance","volume":"159","author":"Todd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3126","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-012-2259-4","article-title":"Butyrate enhances intestinal epithelial barrier function via up-regulation of tight junction protein Claudin-1 transcription","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6430","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13553","article-title":"Technical note: serum total protein and immunoglobulin G concentrations in neonatal dairy calves over the first 10 days of age","volume":"101","author":"Wilm","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"744425","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.744425","article-title":"Dietary \u03b2-carotene on postpartum uterine recovery in mice: crosstalk between gut microbiota and inflammation","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1359611\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]],"date-time":"2024-04-26T04:48:27Z","timestamp":1714106907000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1359611\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"references-count":70,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1359611"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1359611","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,26]]},"article-number":"1359611"}}