{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T16:19:03Z","timestamp":1790957943444,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The impact of hepatitis B virus (HBV) on the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) remains a controversial topic. This study aims to analyze the causal relationship between HBV and T2D using Mendelian randomization (MR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Single nucleotide polymorphisms on chronic hepatitis B (CHB), liver fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, and T2D were obtained from BioBank Japan Project, European Bioinformatics Institute, and FinnGen. Mendelian randomization was utilized to evaluate exposure-outcome causality. Inverse variance weighted was used as the primary method for MR analysis. To assess horizontal pleiotropy and heterogeneity, we conducted MR-Egger intercept analysis and Cochran\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>\n                      test, and the robustness of the MR analysis results was evaluated through leave-one-out sensitivity analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      MR analysis revealed that CHB was associated with a decreased genetic susceptibility to T2D (OR, 0.975; 95% CI, 0.962\u20130.989;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001) while liver cirrhosis (OR, 1.021; 95% CI, 1.007\u20131.036;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.004) as well as liver cirrhosis and liver fibrosis (OR, 1.015; 95% CI, 1.002\u20131.028;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.020) were associated with an increased genetic susceptibility to T2D. MR-Egger intercept showed no horizontal pleiotropy (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05). Cochran\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic>\n                      showed no heterogeneity (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&amp;gt;\u20090.05). Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis showed that the results were robust.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CHB has the potential to act as a protective factor for T2D, but its effectiveness is constrained by viral load and disease stage. This protective effect diminishes or disappears as viral load decreases, and it transforms into a risk factor with the progression to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1378311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T00:57:56Z","timestamp":1712278676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Love-hate relationship between hepatitis B virus and type 2 diabetes: a Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keke","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyang","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15393","article-title":"A global reference for human genetic variation","volume":"526","author":"Auton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04869.x","article-title":"Review article: current antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"34","author":"Ayoub","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment. 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