{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:13:10Z","timestamp":1777929190298,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Observational studies have discovered a contradictory phenomenon between <jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori)<\/jats:italic> infection and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The study aimed to confirm the causal association between <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> and IBD, including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) study with two sample Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) to determine whether there is a causal relationship between <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection and IBD, as well as the possible pathogenic factors that may be involved. The reliability of the main MR assumptions was examined through a series of sensitivity analyses.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Two genetic variants (SNPs) previously identified were employed as instrumental variables (IVs) for <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infection. GWAS data for IBD, UC, and CD were obtained from the recent DF10 release10 of the FinnGen study. Our findings indicated a significant association between <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> seropositivity and an increased risk of IBD and UC (IBD: OR: 1.16, 95% CI, 1.03\u20131.31, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05; UC: OR: 1.22, 95% CI, 1.08\u20131.37, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.001) while no causal relationship with CD (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05). Analysis of the main virulence pathogenic factors revealed a causal relationship between cytotoxin-associated protein A (CagA) and IBD and UC (IBD: OR: 1. 06, 95% CI, 1.001\u20131.11, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05; UC: OR: 1.07, 95% CI, 1.004\u20131.14, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), while no correlation was found for vacuolar cytotoxin A (VacA) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;gt; 0.05). After applying the False Discovery Rate (FDR) correction, the causal relationship between CagA and the risk of IBD or UC was no longer statistically significant.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study suggests a potential causal relationship between H. pylori infection and IBD, particularly UC. The effect may be more pronounced in individuals with previous <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> infections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1384285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T15:16:32Z","timestamp":1729523792000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Helicobacter pylori infection and inflammatory bowel disease: a 2-sample Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yurong","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pop.2023.03.009","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"50","author":"Bruner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prim. 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