{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T17:54:42Z","timestamp":1792000482825,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Toxic heavy metal pollution has been considered a major ecosystem pollution source. Unceasing or rare performance of Pb\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      to the surrounding environment causes damage to the kidney, nervous, and liver systems. Microbial remediation has acquired prominence in recent decades due to its high efficiency, environment-friendliness, and cost-effectiveness.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The lead biosorption by\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was optimized by two successive paradigms, namely, a definitive screening design (DSD) and an artificial neural network (ANN), to maximize the sorption process.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Five physicochemical variables showed a significant influence (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &amp;lt; 0.05) on the Pb\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      biosorption with optimal levels of pH 6.1, temperature 30\u00b0C, glucose 1.5%, yeast extract 1.7%, and MgSO\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      .7H\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      O 0.2, resulting in a 96.12% removal rate. The Pb\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      biosorption mechanism using\n                      <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      biomass was investigated by performing several analyses before and after Pb\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      biosorption. The maximum Pb\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      biosorption capacity of\n                      <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      was 61.8 mg\/g at a 0.3 g biosorbent dose, pH 6.0, temperature 30\u00b0C, and contact time 60 min. Langmuir\u2019s isotherm and pseudo-second-order model with R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      of 0.991 and 0.999 were suitable for the biosorption data, predicting a monolayer adsorption and chemisorption mechanism, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The outcome of the present research seems to be a first attempt to apply intelligence paradigms in the optimization of low-cost Pb\n                      <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                      biosorption using\n                      <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      biomass, justifying their promising application for enhancing the removal efficiency of heavy metal ions using biosorbents from contaminated aqueous systems.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1384639","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:44:45Z","timestamp":1723077885000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Innovative optimization for enhancing Pb2+ biosorption from aqueous solutions using Bacillus subtilis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Reyad M.","family":"El-Sharkawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Khairy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed H. 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