{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:36:15Z","timestamp":1790699775852,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The escalating global threat of antimicrobial resistance necessitates prospecting uncharted microbial biodiversity for novel therapeutic leads. This study mines the promising chemical richness of <jats:italic>Bacillus licheniformis<\/jats:italic> LHG166, a prolific exopolysaccharide (EPSR2-7.22\u2009g\/L). It comprised 5 different monosaccharides with 48.11% uronic acid, 17.40% sulfate groups, and 6.09% N-acetyl glucosamine residues. EPSR2 displayed potent antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>, TAC and FRAP assays. Of all the fungi tested, the yeast <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> displayed the highest susceptibility and antibiofilm inhibition. The fungi <jats:italic>Aspergillus niger<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Penicillium glabrum<\/jats:italic> showed moderate EPSR2 susceptibility. In contrast, the fungi <jats:italic>Mucor circinelloides<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Trichoderma harzianum<\/jats:italic> were resistant. Among G+ve tested bacteria, <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic> was the most susceptible, while <jats:italic>Salmonella typhi<\/jats:italic> was the most sensitive to G\u2212ve pathogens. Encouragingly, EPSR2 predominantly demonstrated bactericidal effects against both bacterial classes based on MBC\/MIC of either 1 or 2 superior Gentamicin. At 75% of MBC, EPSR2 displayed the highest anti-biofilm activity of 88.30% against <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>, while for G\u2212ve antibiofilm inhibition, At 75% of MBC, EPSR2 displayed the highest anti-biofilm activity of 96.63% against <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>, Even at the lowest dose of 25% MBC, EPSR2 reduced biofilm formation by 84.13% in <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>, 61.46% in <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>. The microbial metabolite EPSR2 from <jats:italic>Bacillus licheniformis<\/jats:italic> LHG166 shows promise as an eco-friendly natural antibiotic alternative for treating infections and oxidative stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1385493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T05:19:42Z","timestamp":1712726382000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Tapping the biosynthetic potential of marine Bacillus licheniformis LHG166, a prolific sulphated exopolysaccharide producer: structural insights, bio-prospecting its antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial and anti-biofilm potency as a novel anti-infective lead"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nada K.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahraa Falah","family":"Azeez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haitham Mohammed","family":"Alhussain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha M. A.","family":"Shahlol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mona Othman I.","family":"Albureikan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Gamal","family":"Elsehrawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ghfren S.","family":"Aloraini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"El-Nablaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elham Mohammed","family":"Khatrawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Ghareeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664395","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.664395","article-title":"Exopolysaccharides as antimicrobial agents: mechanism and Spectrum of activity","volume":"12","author":"Abdalla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12080715","article-title":"Novel exopolysaccharide from marine Bacillus subtilis with broad potential biological activities: insights into antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cytotoxicity, and anti-Alzheimer activity","volume":"12","author":"Abdel-Wahab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Meta"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1705814","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1705814","article-title":"The role of bacterial biofilm in antibiotic resistance and food contamination","volume":"2020","author":"Abebe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18604","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2002-6","article-title":"Structural characterization of Bacillus licheniformis Dahb1 exopolysaccharide-antimicrobial potential and larvicidal activity on malaria and Zika virus mosquito vectors","volume":"25","author":"Abinaya","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2018.e00271","article-title":"Characterization, antioxidant and immunomodulatory potential on exopolysaccharide produced by wild type and mutant Weissella confusa strains","volume":"19","author":"Adebayo-Tayo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Rep."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02508","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02508-16","article-title":"Control of biofilm formation: antibiotics and beyond","volume":"83","author":"Algburi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26406","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA04009G","article-title":"In vitro studies on the pharmacological potential, anti-tumor, antimicrobial, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of marine-derived Bacillus velezensis AG6 exopolysaccharide","volume":"13","author":"Alharbi","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.3390\/life12091387","article-title":"Assessment of pharmacological potential of novel exopolysaccharide isolated from marine Kocuria sp. Strain AG5: broad-Spectrum biological investigations","volume":"12","author":"Alshawwa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carres.2019.107881","article-title":"Structural features of microbial exopolysaccharides in relation to their antioxidant activity","volume":"487","author":"Andrew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Res."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.190","article-title":"Exopolysaccharides from probiotic bacteria and their health potential","volume":"162","author":"Angelin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0463.2010.02681.x","article-title":"Application of a feasible method for determination of biofilm antimicrobial susceptibility in staphylococci","volume":"118","author":"Antunes","year":"2010","journal-title":"APMIS Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1007\/s11756-022-01233-1","article-title":"Exopolysaccharide production from Alkalibacillus sp. w3: statistical optimization and biological activity","volume":"78","author":"Arayes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biologia (Bratisl.)"},{"key":"ref13","first-page":"129","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of exopolysaccharide from Achromobacter piechaudii NRC2 against cyclooxygenases and acetylcholinesterase with evaluation of its antioxidant properties and structure elucidation","volume":"7","author":"Asker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharm. Lett."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.171","article-title":"Characterization, bioactivities, and rheological properties of exopolysaccharide produced by novel probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum C70 isolated from camel milk","volume":"144","author":"Ayyash","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11122491","article-title":"Antioxidant activities of natural polysaccharides and their derivatives for biomedical and medicinal applications","volume":"11","author":"Bai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1996.0292","article-title":"The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of \u201cantioxidant power\u201d: the FRAP assay","volume":"239","author":"Benzie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","article-title":"Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity","volume":"28","author":"Brand-Williams","year":"1995","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.32.3.385","article-title":"National Committee for clinical laboratory standards agar dilution susceptibility testing of anaerobic gram-negative bacteria","volume":"32","author":"Brown","year":"1988","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/md16020069","article-title":"Exopolysaccharides from marine and marine Extremophilic Bacteria: structures, properties, ecological roles and applications","volume":"16","author":"Casillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"ref8001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.04.109","article-title":"Monosaccharide composition influence and immunomodulatory effects of probiotic exopolysaccharides","volume":"133","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14213","article-title":"Structure-activity relationships of antibacterial peptides","volume":"16","author":"Ciulla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01636","article-title":"Microbial extracellular polymeric substances: ecological function and impact on soil aggregation","volume":"9","author":"Costa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.04.060","article-title":"Marine biodiversity, biogeography, Deep-Sea gradients, and conservation","volume":"27","author":"Costello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2021.07.001","article-title":"Eradicating biofilm infections: an update on current and prospective approaches","volume":"63","author":"da Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2013.10.021","article-title":"Extracellular polysaccharide from Bacillus sp. strain LBP32 prevents LPS-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 macrophages by inhibiting NF-\u03baB and MAPKs activation and ROS production","volume":"18","author":"Diao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1529\/biophysj.105.061648","article-title":"Structure of bacterial extracellular polymeric substances at different pH values as determined by SAXS","volume":"89","author":"Dogsa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22091396","article-title":"Isolation, characterization and bioactivities of an extracellular polysaccharide produced from Streptomyces sp. MOE6","volume":"22","author":"Elnahas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Basel Switz"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00134-07","article-title":"Multicenter evaluation of a new disk agar diffusion method for susceptibility testing of filamentous fungi with voriconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole, amphotericin B, and caspofungin","volume":"45","author":"Espinel-Ingroff","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00393-11","article-title":"Quality control guidelines for amphotericin B, Itraconazole, posaconazole, and voriconazole disk diffusion susceptibility tests with nonsupplemented Mueller-Hinton agar (CLSI M51-A document) for nondermatophyte filamentous Fungi","volume":"49","author":"Espinel-Ingroff","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2023.111935","article-title":"Immunomodulatory natural polysaccharides: an overview of the mechanisms involved","volume":"188","author":"Eswar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2023.120965","article-title":"The antioxidant activity of polysaccharides: A structure-function relationship overview","volume":"314","author":"Fernandes","year":"2023","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(91)90372-z","article-title":"Measurement of uronic acids without interference from neutral sugars","volume":"197","author":"Filisetti-Cozzi","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.94","article-title":"Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life","volume":"14","author":"Flemming","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2694","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.7156","article-title":"Advances in exopolysaccharide production from marine bacteria","volume":"97","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1039\/AN9648900061","article-title":"Determination of Sulphur in plant material","volume":"89","author":"Garrido","year":"1964","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01099","article-title":"Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of Pleurotus ostreatus in different growth stages","volume":"7","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Palma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.10.029","article-title":"Antioxidant and immunomodulatory activity of selenium exopolysaccharide produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis","volume":"138","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/0385-6380(87)90108-7","article-title":"Humic acid-vitamin agar, a new medium for the selective isolation of soil actinomycetes","volume":"65","author":"Hayakawa","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Ferment. Technol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-012-9110-2","article-title":"Immune modulation capability of exopolysaccharides synthesised by lactic acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria","volume":"4","author":"Hidalgo-Cantabrana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s43141-022-00432-2","article-title":"Potential functions and applications of diverse microbial exopolysaccharides in marine environments","volume":"20","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Genet. Eng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2017.02.033","article-title":"Characterization and antibacterial activity of a novel exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens DN1 isolated from kefir","volume":"78","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.06.061","article-title":"Partially purified actinomycetes compounds enhance the intracellular damages in multi-drug resistant P. Aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae","volume":"28","author":"Kadaikunnan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2022.104024","article-title":"Bacterial exopolysaccharides as emerging bioactive macromolecules: from fundamentals to applications","volume":"174","author":"Kaur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-017-9851-y","article-title":"Determination of antioxidant properties of six by-products of Crocus sativus L. (saffron) plant products","volume":"9","author":"Lahmass","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12161","article-title":"Molecular modification of polysaccharides and resulting bioactivities","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115432","article-title":"Chemical characterization, antioxidant properties and anticancer activity of exopolysaccharides from Floccularia luteovirens","volume":"229","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2010.01.151","article-title":"Isolation, structural characterization and immunological activity of an exopolysaccharide produced by Bacillus licheniformis 8-37-0-1","volume":"101","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6895","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11944","article-title":"Characterization and bioactivities of the exopolysaccharide from a probiotic strain of Lactobacillus plantarum WLPL04","volume":"100","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2003.03.002","article-title":"Well diffusion for antifungal susceptibility testing","volume":"8","author":"Magaldi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4136","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13234136","article-title":"Recent advancements in microbial polysaccharides: synthesis and applications","volume":"13","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-31331-8_25","article-title":"Microbial Exopolysaccharides","volume-title":"The prokaryotes: applied bacteriology and biotechnology","author":"Mishra","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2014.05.010","article-title":"Extracellular polymeric substances of bacteria and their potential environmental applications","volume":"144","author":"More","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.04.018","article-title":"Characterization, high production and antimicrobial activity of exopolysaccharides from Lactococcus lactis F-mou","volume":"132","author":"Nehal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e04205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04205","article-title":"Exopolysaccharides from bacteria and fungi: current status and perspectives in Africa","volume":"6","author":"Osemwegie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2608","DOI":"10.1080\/01904167.2022.2160740","article-title":"Characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacterial strain Bacillus cereus with special reference to exopolysaccharide production","volume":"46","author":"Parvin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms5020025","article-title":"Microbial diversity in extreme marine habitats and their biomolecules","volume":"5","author":"Poli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124925","article-title":"Microbial exopolysaccharide: sources, stress conditions, properties and application in food and environment: A comprehensive review","volume":"242","author":"Prasad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10","DOI":"10.15190\/d.2019.13","article-title":"Communication is the key: biofilms, quorum sensing, formation and prevention","volume":"7","author":"Preda","year":"2019","journal-title":"Discov. Craiova Rom."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1006\/abio.1999.4019","article-title":"Spectrophotometric quantitation of antioxidant capacity through the formation of a Phosphomolybdenum complex: specific application to the determination of vitamin E","volume":"269","author":"Prieto","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1002\/jobm.202100596","article-title":"Prospects of microbial polysaccharides-based hybrid constructs for biomimicking applications","volume":"62","author":"Qamar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Basic Microbiol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.09.025","article-title":"Antibacterial and anticancer potential of marine endophytic actinomycetes Streptomyces coeruleorubidus GRG 4 (KY457708) compound against colistin resistant uropathogens and A549 lung cancer cells","volume":"125","author":"Rajivgandhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfin.2021.100932","article-title":"Physiochemical characterization and anti-carbapenemase activity of chitosan nanoparticles loaded Aegle marmelos essential oil against K. pneumoniae through DNA fragmentation assay","volume":"23","author":"Rajivgandhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Surf. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.062","article-title":"Characterization of a novel exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus gasseri FR4 and demonstration of its in vitro biological properties","volume":"109","author":"Rani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1007\/s42770-021-00624-x","article-title":"Microbial biofilm: formation, architecture, antibiotic resistance, and control strategies","volume":"52","author":"Rather","year":"2021","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.03.062","article-title":"Structural characterization and macrophage immunomodulatory activity of a polysaccharide isolated from Gracilaria lemaneiformis","volume":"33","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2017.11.034","article-title":"Functional characterization and biotechnological potential of exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains isolated from human breast milk","volume":"89","author":"Riaz Rajoka","year":"2018","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2022.12.011","article-title":"The community-function landscape of microbial consortia","volume":"14","author":"Sanchez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Syst."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12020132","article-title":"In vitro assessment of Antistaphylococci, antitumor, immunological and structural characterization of acidic bioactive exopolysaccharides from marine Bacillus cereus isolated from Saudi Arabia","volume":"12","author":"Selim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Meta"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11061614","article-title":"Microbial biofilm: A review on formation, infection, antibiotic resistance, control measures, and innovative treatment","volume":"11","author":"Sharma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmic.2023.100084","article-title":"Biofilms: understanding the structure and contribution towards bacterial resistance in antibiotics","volume":"16","author":"Shree","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Microecol."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr121","article-title":"MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods","volume":"28","author":"Tamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.017","article-title":"Evaluation of dermal wound healing activity and in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of a new exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus sp.Ca6","volume":"103","author":"Trabelsi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689382","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2021.689382","article-title":"Anticandidal activities by Lactobacillus species: an update on mechanisms of action","volume":"2","author":"Vazquez-Munoz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oral Health"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020059","article-title":"Bacterial biofilm and its role in the pathogenesis of disease","volume":"9","author":"Vestby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2014.12.006","article-title":"Characterization and bioactivities of an exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus plantarum YW32","volume":"74","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.09.003","article-title":"Exopolysaccharide activities from probiotic bifidobacterium: immunomodulatory effects (on J774A.1 macrophages) and antimicrobial properties","volume":"144","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3744","DOI":"10.29219\/fnr.v64.3744","article-title":"A novel exopolysaccharide produced by Lactobacillus coryniformis NA-3 exhibits antioxidant and biofilm-inhibiting properties in vitro","volume":"64","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2018.06.009","article-title":"Microbial exopolysaccharides: resources and bioactive properties","volume":"72","author":"Yildiz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903363","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.903363","article-title":"Production and characterization of exopolysaccharide from newly isolated marine probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum EI6 with in vitro wound healing activity","volume":"13","author":"Zaghloul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2016.07.084","article-title":"Characterization and sulfated modification of an exopolysaccharide from Lactobacillus plantarum ZDY2013 and its biological activities","volume":"153","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.11.093","article-title":"Exopolysaccharides of lactic acid bacteria: structure, bioactivity and associations: A review","volume":"207","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1385493\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]],"date-time":"2024-04-10T05:19:48Z","timestamp":1712726388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1385493\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"references-count":81,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1385493"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1385493","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,10]]},"article-number":"1385493"}}