{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T09:45:30Z","timestamp":1794044730177,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1711324800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria is a global concern, leading to a renewed reliance on older antibiotics like polymyxins as a last resort. Polymyxins, cationic cyclic peptides synthesized nonribosomally, feature a hydrophobic acyl tail and positively charged residues. Their antimicrobial mechanism involves initial interaction with Gram-negative bacterial outer-membrane components through polar and hydrophobic interactions. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), nano-sized proteoliposomes secreted from the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, play a crucial role in tolerating harmful molecules, including cationic peptides such as polymyxins. Existing literature has documented environmental changes\u2019 impact on modulating OMV properties in <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhimurium. However, less information exists regarding OMV production and characteristics in <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> Typhi. A previous study in our laboratory showed that <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Typhi \u0394<jats:italic>mrcB<\/jats:italic>, a mutant associated with penicillin-binding protein (PBP, a \u03b2-lactam antibiotic target), exhibited hypervesiculation. Consequently, this study investigated the potential impact of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics on promoting polymyxin tolerance via OMVs in <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Typhi. Our results demonstrated that sub-lethal doses of \u03b2-lactams increased bacterial survival against polymyxin B in <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Typhi. This phenomenon stems from \u03b2-lactam antibiotics inducing hypervesiculation of OMVs with higher affinity for polymyxin B, capturing and diminishing its biologically effective concentration. These findings suggest that \u03b2-lactam antibiotic use may inadvertently contribute to decreased polymyxin effectivity against <jats:italic>S.<\/jats:italic> Typhi or other Gram-negative bacteria, complicating the effective treatment of infections caused by these pathogens. This study emphasizes the importance of evaluating the influence of \u03b2-lactam antibiotics on the interaction between OMVs and other antimicrobial agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1389663","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]],"date-time":"2024-03-25T05:00:02Z","timestamp":1711342802000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["\u03b2-lactam-induced OMV release promotes polymyxin tolerance in Salmonella enterica sv. Typhi"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Pedro","family":"Marchant","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Vivanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Nevermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ignacio","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Barrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"Otero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iv\u00e1n L.","family":"Calder\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan A.","family":"Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4610246","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/4610246","article-title":"Typhoid fever due to extended Spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi: a case report and literature review","volume":"2018","author":"Ahamed Riyaaz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep Infect Dis"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina54020023","article-title":"Typhoid fever diagnosis in endemic countries: a clog in the wheel of Progress?","volume":"54","author":"Ajibola","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0034","article-title":"Global trends in Typhoidal salmonellosis: a systematic review","volume":"99","author":"Als","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. 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