{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T13:53:38Z","timestamp":1788616418567,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721260800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obligate intracellular endobacteria of the genus <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> are widespread in arthropods and several filarial nematodes. Control programs for vector-borne diseases (dengue, Zika, malaria) and anti-filarial therapy with antibiotics are based on this important endosymbiont. Investigating <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>, however, is impeded by the need for host cells. In this study, the requirements for <jats:italic>Wolbachia w<\/jats:italic>AlbB growth in a host cell-free <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> culture system were characterized via qPCRs. A cell lysate fraction from <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic> C6\/36 insect cells containing cell membranes and medium with fetal bovine serum were identified as requisite for cell-free replication of <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>. Supplementation with the membrane fraction of insect cell lysate increased extracellular <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> replication by 4.2-fold. Replication rates in the insect cell-free culture were lower compared to <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> grown inside insect cells. However, the endobacteria were able to replicate for up to 12\u2009days and to infect uninfected C6\/36 cells. Cell-free <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> treated with the lipid II biosynthesis inhibitor fosfomycin had an enlarged phenotype, seen previously for intracellular <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> in C6\/36 cells, indicating that the bacteria were unable to divide. In conclusion, we have developed a cell-free culture system in which <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> replicate for up to 12\u2009days, providing an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> tool to elucidate the biology of these endobacteria, e.g., cell division by using compounds that may not enter the C6\/36 cells. A better understanding of <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> biology, and in particular host-symbiont interactions, is key to the use of <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> in vector control programs and to future drug development against filarial diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1405287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T15:58:10Z","timestamp":1721318290000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["In vitro extracellular replication of Wolbachia endobacteria"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lara Vanessa","family":"Behrmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirstin","family":"Meier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Vollmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chukwuebuka Chibuzo","family":"Chiedu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Schiefer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Hoerauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Pfarr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2012.02521.x","article-title":"Dynamic Wolbachia prevalence in Acromyrmex leaf-cutting ants: potential for a nutritional symbiosis","volume":"25","author":"Andersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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