{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T13:54:36Z","timestamp":1793195676627,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Distilled grain waste (DGW) is rich in nutrients and can be a potential resource as animal feed. However, DGW contains as much as 14% lignin, dramatically reducing the feeding value. White-rot fungi such as <jats:italic>Pleurotus ostreatus<\/jats:italic> could preferentially degrade lignin with high efficiency. However, lignin derivatives generated during alcohol distillation inhibit <jats:italic>P. ostreatus<\/jats:italic> growth. Thus, finding a new strategy to adjust the DGW properties to facilitate <jats:italic>P. ostreatus<\/jats:italic> growth is critical for animal feed preparation and DGW recycling. In this study, three dominant indigenous bacteria, including <jats:italic>Sphingobacterium thermophilum<\/jats:italic> X1, <jats:italic>Pseudoxanthomonas byssovorax<\/jats:italic> X3, and <jats:italic>Bacillus velezensis<\/jats:italic> 15F were chosen to generate single and compound microbial inoculums for DGW composting to prepare substrates for <jats:italic>P. ostreatus<\/jats:italic> growth. Compared with non-inoculated control or single microbial inoculation, all composite inoculations, especially the three-microbial compound, led to faster organic metabolism, shorter composting process, and improved physicochemical properties of DGW. <jats:italic>P. ostreatus<\/jats:italic> growth assays showed the fastest mycelial colonization (20.43\u2009\u03bcg\u00b7g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> ergosterol) and extension (9\u2009mm\/d), the highest ligninolytic enzyme activities (Lac, 152.68\u2009U\u00b7g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; Lip, 15.56\u2009U\u00b7g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; MnP, 0.34\u2009U\u00b7g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; Xylanase, 10.98\u2009U\u00b7g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; FPase, 0.71\u2009U\u00b7g<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), and the highest lignin degradation ratio (30.77%) in the DGW sample after 12\u2009h of composting with the three-microbial compound inoculation when compared to other groups. This sample was relatively abundant in bacteria playing critical roles in amino acid, carbohydrate, energy metabolism, and xenobiotic biodegradation, as suggested by metagenomic analysis. The feed value analysis revealed that <jats:italic>P. ostreatus<\/jats:italic> mycelia full colonization in composted DGW led to high fiber content retention and decreased lignin content (final ratio of 5% lignin) but elevated protein concentrations (about 130\u2009g\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> DM). An additional daily weight gain of 0.4\u2009kg\/d was shown in cattle feeding experiments by replacing 60% of regular feed with it. These findings demonstrate that compound inoculant consisting of three indigenous microorganisms is efficient to compost DGW and facilitate <jats:italic>P. ostreatus<\/jats:italic> growth. <jats:italic>P. ostreatus<\/jats:italic> decreased the lignin content of composted DGW during its mycelial growth, improving the quality of DGW for feeding cattle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1405564","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T04:43:44Z","timestamp":1717130624000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["From waste to protein: a new strategy of converting composted distilled grain wastes into animal feed"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zichao","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dengdeng","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diao","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guopai","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuezhi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yazhong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juanjuan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zemin","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2021.1327.32","article-title":"Effect of olive pruning residues on substrate temperature and production of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus)","volume":"1327","author":"Abou Fayssal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Hortic."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2672","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25112672","article-title":"Valorization of mushroom by-products as a source of value-added compounds and potential applications","volume":"25","author":"Antunes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref3","volume-title":"Official methods of analysis","year":"1990"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/s0141-0229(01)00302-7","article-title":"Comparison of two assay procedures for lignin peroxidase","volume":"28","author":"Arora","year":"2001","journal-title":"Enzyme Microb. 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