{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T21:50:31Z","timestamp":1790113831734,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720483200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Sclerotinia rot<\/jats:italic> is a serious disease that occurs on <jats:italic>Zephyranthes candida<\/jats:italic>. A thorough understanding of the pathogenic fungal species and understanding the biological characteristics are important for controlling <jats:italic>sclerotinia<\/jats:italic>. Fungal strains were isolated from the diseased leaves of <jats:italic>Z. candida<\/jats:italic> through tissue isolation. Koch\u2019s hypothesis screened pathogenic strains by pathogenicity of healthy leaves, including re-isolation and identification. A multigene phylogenetic tree was constructed by extracting genomic DNA from pathogenic strains and measuring the nucleotide sequences at four sites, including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH), and heat shock protein 60 (HSP60). Morphological characteristics of the fungal structures were evaluated through microscopic analysis. The growth of pathogens was observed and recorded under different pH, different temperatures, different carbon sources and different nitrogen sources to clarify their biological characteristics. Representative strains D7, D13, X4, and X15 infected <jats:italic>Z. candida<\/jats:italic> and caused <jats:italic>sclerotinia<\/jats:italic> rot. At the beginning of the culture, white flocculent fungal hyphae appeared on the potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, and black spherical to irregular-shaped sclerotia appeared at the edge of the colony after 7\u2009days. The diameter of the sclerotia was 2.4\u20138.6\u2009mm and 0.4\u20130.9\u2009mm, respectively. One sclerotium was able to germinate from 1 to 5 apothecia. Ascus were cylindrical or spindle-shaped, with a size of 110.0\u2013120.0\u2009\u00d7\u20099.2\u201311.6\u2009\u03bcm. One ascus contained eight colorless, oval ascospores, with a size of 8.4\u201312.0\u2009\u00d7\u20094.5\u20135.5\u2009\u03bcm. Based on the phylogenetic tree constructed with the gene sequences for ITS, G3PDH, HSP60, and RPB2, D7 and D13 shared 99% homology with <jats:italic>sclerotinia sclerotiorum<\/jats:italic>, whereas X4 and X15 shared 99% homology with <jats:italic>sclerotinia minor<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>S. sclerotiorum<\/jats:italic> growth was more suitable when the culture temperature was 15\u00b0C\u201325\u00b0C, pH 5.0, carbon source was maltose and nitrogen source was yeast powder. <jats:italic>S. minor<\/jats:italic> growth was more suitable when the culture temperature was 15\u00b0C, pH 5.0, the carbon source was glucose, and the nitrogen source was yeast powder. The results identified the pathogens as <jats:italic>S. sclerotiorum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. minor<\/jats:italic>. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of <jats:italic>S. sclerotiorum<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S. minor<\/jats:italic> causing <jats:italic>sclerotinia<\/jats:italic> rot on <jats:italic>Z. candida<\/jats:italic>. We herein aimed to identify the causal agent of <jats:italic>sclerotinia<\/jats:italic> rot of <jats:italic>Z. candida<\/jats:italic> in China based on morphological characteristics, molecular identification, and pathogenicity tests. Performed the experiments on the biological characteristics, to understand the law of disease occurrence. We also evaluated methods for the effective control of this disease. Our findings provide support for further studies on the pathogenesis mechanism of <jats:italic>sclerotinia<\/jats:italic> rot.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1414141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T04:59:46Z","timestamp":1720501186000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Sclerotinia rot of Zephyranthes candida caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Sclerotinia minor"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Fuqiang","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhien","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaotian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanli","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12050672","article-title":"Multigene phylogeny and pathogenicity trials revealed Alternaria alternata as the causal agent of black spot disease and seedling wilt of pecan (Carya illinoinensis) in South Africa","volume":"12","author":"Achilonu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304682","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1304682","article-title":"Identification and genomic characterization of Pseudomonas spp. displaying biocontrol activity against sclerotinia sclerotiorum in lettuce","volume":"15","author":"Albert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. 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