{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T12:27:25Z","timestamp":1784204845818,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/M008770\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/M008770\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> is a leading cause of canine otitis externa. Enrofloxacin is often applied topically to treat this condition, although recalcitrant and recurring infections are common. There is evidence that exposure to blue light (400\u2013470 nm) has a bactericidal effect on <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> and other microorganisms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the present study, we tested the biocidal effect of blue light (375\u2013450 nm), alone or in combination with enrofloxacin, against six isolates of <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> from dogs with otitis externa (5 of which were resistant to enrofloxacin).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Treatment of planktonic cell cultures with blue light resulted in significant (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.5) reductions in Colony Forming Units (CFU) for all seven strains tested, in some cases below the limit of detection. The greatest bactericidal effect was observed following exposure to light at 405 nm wavelength (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Exposure to blue light for 20 min usually resulted in a greater reduction in <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic> than enrofloxacin treatment, and combination treatment typically resulted in the largest reductions in CFU. Analysis of the genome sequences of these strains established that enrofloxacin resistance was likely the result of a S466F substitution in GyrB. However, there was no clear association between genotype and susceptibility to blue light treatment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results suggest that blue light treatment, particularly at 405 nm wavelength, and especially in combination with enrofloxacin therapy, could be an effective treatment for otherwise recalcitrant canine otitis externa caused by <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>. It may also provide a way of extending the usefulness of enrofloxacin therapy which would otherwise be ineffective as a sole therapeutic agent.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1414412","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]],"date-time":"2024-07-04T10:25:39Z","timestamp":1720088739000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Exposure to blue light reduces antimicrobial resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from dog ear infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Adriano M.","family":"Gigante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad A.","family":"Hadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bailey","family":"Secker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen C.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul R.","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William M.","family":"Palin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Milward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Atterbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D690","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac920","article-title":"CARD 2023: Expanded curation, support for machine learning, and resistome prediction at the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database.","volume":"51","author":"Alcock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22474","article-title":"Antimicrobial blue light inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by photo-excitation of endogenous porphyrins: In vitro and in vivo studies: Antimicrobial blue light inactivation of pseudomonas aeruginosa.","volume":"48","author":"Amin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. 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