{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T21:57:42Z","timestamp":1782511062972,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Infant botulism is caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), which is mainly produced by\n                      <jats:italic>Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                      . However, there is a lack of longitudinal cohort studies on infant botulism. Herein, we have constructed a cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort of infants infected with\n                      <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Our goal was to reveal the differences in the intestinal microbiota of botulism-infected and healthy infants as well as the dynamic changes over time through multi-omics analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed 16S rRNA sequencing of 20 infants\u2019 stools over a period of 3\u2009months and conducted whole genome sequencing of isolated\n                      <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains from these laboratory-confirmed cases of infant botulism. Through bioinformatics analysis, we focused on the changes in the infants\u2019 intestinal microbiota as well as function over time series.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      was significantly enriched in the infected group and declined over time, whereas\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      was significantly enriched in the healthy group and gradually increased over time. 18\/20 isolates carried the type B 2 botulinum toxin gene with identical sequences.\n                      <jats:italic>In silico<\/jats:italic>\n                      Multilocus sequence typing found that 20\\u00B0\n                      <jats:italic>C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates from the patients were typed into ST31 and ST32.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Differences in intestinal microbiota and functions in infants were found with botulism through cross-sectional and longitudinal studies and\n                      <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      may play a role in the recovery of infected infants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1416879","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T00:59:30Z","timestamp":1717117170000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Dissecting and tracing the gut microbiota of infants with botulism: a cross sectional and longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dai","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongqiu","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songnian","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuefang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zilong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051926","article-title":"Human botulism immune globulin for the treatment of infant botulism","volume":"354","author":"Arnon","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. 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