{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:16:54Z","timestamp":1793121414185,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>In China, the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has undergone several variations over the decades and contributed to the diversity of the clinical epidemic PRRSV strains. This has complicated the prevention and control of PRRS. In particular, the efficacy of the currently available commercial vaccines against the highly pathogenic NADC34-like strains is unclear. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the protection efficacy of three commercial PRRS modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines derived from classical PRRS VR2332 MLV and R98 MLV against challenge with a heterologous NADC34-like PRRSV strain, JS2021NADC34, which has high pathogenicity in pigs. PRRSV- and antibody-free piglets were immunized with the PRRS VR2332 MLV vaccine or either of two R98 MLV vaccines (from different manufacturers) and were challenged with the JS2021NADC34 strain 28\u2009days after immunization. Rectal temperature, clinical symptoms, viremia and viral shedding from the nose, gross lesions in the thymus and lungs, microscopic lesions and viral distribution in the lungs, as well as the humoral immune response and mortality rates were recorded over a 14-day post-challenge period. The results showed that PRRS VR2332 MLV had better efficacy against the JS2021NADC34 challenge than PRRS R98 MLV, with vaccinated piglets in the former group showing transient and mild symptoms, mild pathological lesions in the lungs, mild thymic atrophy, and low viral levels in sera and nasal swabs, as well as better growth performance and a 100% survival rate. In contrast, two PRRS R98 MLVs exhibited limited efficacy against the JS2021NADC34 challenge, with the piglets in two R98 groups showing obvious clinical symptoms and pathological changes in the lungs and thymus; moreover, there were two deaths caused by PRRS in two R98 groups, respectively. Despite this, the mortality rate was lower than that of the unvaccinated piglets that were challenged with JS2021NADC34. The cumulative results demonstrate that PRRS VR2332 MLV was partly effective against the highly pathogenic PRRSV NADC34-like strain based on the observations over the 14-day post-challenge period. Thus, it might be a viable option among the commercially available vaccines for control of NADC34-like virus infections in swine herds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1422335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T05:09:54Z","timestamp":1719378594000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Protective evaluation of the commercialized porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus vaccines in piglets challenged by NADC34-like strain"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Zhicheng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaosi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuhe","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangdong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lv","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aihua","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letu","family":"Geri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3994","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.80.8.3994-4004.2006","article-title":"Influence of N-linked glycosylation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus GP5 on virus infectivity, antigenicity, and ability to induce neutralizing antibodies","volume":"80","author":"Ansari","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.09.013","article-title":"Experimental infection of United States swine with a Chinese highly pathogenic strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"435","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0209784","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209784","article-title":"Examination of viraemia and clinical signs after challenge with a heterologous PRRSV strain in PRRS type 2 MLV vaccinated pigs: a challenge-dose study","volume":"13","author":"Haiwick","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref4","first-page":"95","article-title":"BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT","volume":"41","author":"Hall","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Symp. Ser."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.06.035","article-title":"Comparison of the virulence of European and North American genotypes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in experimentally infected pigs","volume":"195","author":"Han","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reproductive failure of unknown etiology","volume":"1","author":"Keffaber","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. Assoc. Swine Pract. News"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.08.005","article-title":"Significance of genetic variation of PRRSV ORF5 in virus neutralization and molecular determinants corresponding to cross neutralization among PRRS viruses","volume":"162","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.09.046","article-title":"Efficacy of type 2 PRRSV vaccine against Chinese and Vietnamese HP-PRRSV challenge in pigs","volume":"32","author":"Lager","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05646-11","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of an attenuated live vaccine against highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in young pigs","volume":"19","author":"Leng","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"812040","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.812040","article-title":"Efficacy of the synergy between live-attenuated and inactivated PRRSV vaccines against a NADC30-like strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in 4-week piglets","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.07.032","article-title":"Emergence of a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in the mid-eastern region of China","volume":"174","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7859","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.7859","article-title":"Full genome sequence analysis of a 1-7-4-like PRRSV strain in Fujian Province, China","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-022114-111025","article-title":"Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV): pathogenesis and interaction with the immune system","volume":"4","author":"Lunney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58626-y","article-title":"Cell-mediated immune response and protective efficacy of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus modified-live vaccines against co-challenge with PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2","volume":"10","author":"Madapong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-016-0331-3","article-title":"Comparative analysis of routes of immunization of a live porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) vaccine in a heterologous virus challenge study","volume":"47","author":"Ouyang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.11.019","article-title":"Effects of challenge with a virulent genotype II strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on piglets vaccinated with an attenuated genotype I strain vaccine","volume":"193","author":"Roca","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8700","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02551-09","article-title":"Phylogeny-based evolutionary, demographical, and geographical dissection of north American type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses","volume":"84","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2020.108727","article-title":"Pathogenicity of NADC34-like PRRSV HLJDZD32-1901 isolated in China","volume":"246","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcp.2018.03.004","article-title":"A novel HRM assay for differentiating classical strains and highly pathogenic strains of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"39","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Probes"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2174\/1874357901711010059","article-title":"NADC30-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome in China","volume":"11","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Open Virol. J."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.03.003","article-title":"An attenuated live vaccine based on highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) protects piglets against HP-PRRS","volume":"138","author":"Tian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e526","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000526","article-title":"Emergence of fatal PRRSV variants: unparalleled outbreaks of atypical PRRS in China and molecular dissection of the unique hallmark","volume":"2","author":"Tian","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1309.070399","article-title":"Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, Cjina","volume":"13","author":"Tong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5555","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00189-11","article-title":"Immune evasion of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus through glycan shielding involves both glycoprotein 5 as well as glycoprotein 3","volume":"85","author":"Vu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.10.009","article-title":"Effects of PRRSV infection on the porcine thymus","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10781","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-47239-9","article-title":"Efficacy of type 2 PRRSV vaccine against challenge with the Chinese lineage 1 (NADC30-like) PRRSVs in pigs","volume":"9","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103941","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.103941","article-title":"Characterization of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (ORF5 RFLP 1-7-4 viruses) in northern China","volume":"140","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3215","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14485","article-title":"Novel characteristics of Chinese NADC34-like PRRSV during 2020-2021","volume":"69","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13508","article-title":"A potential endemic strain in China: NADC34-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"67","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791313","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.791313","article-title":"Recent advances in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus NADC30-like research in China: molecular characterization, pathogenicity, and control","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00722-14","article-title":"Assessment of the safety and efficacy of an attenuated live vaccine based on highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus","volume":"22","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4509261","article-title":"Efficacy of a commercial PRRSV vaccine on NADC34-like PRRSV challenge","volume":"2023","author":"Yuan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2018.06.017","article-title":"Emergence of novel porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (ORF5 RFLP 1-7-4 viruses) in China","volume":"222","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3416","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14463","article-title":"Emergence and spread of NADC34-like PRRSV in Southwest China","volume":"69","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10712","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01446-15","article-title":"Importation and recombination are responsible for the latest emergence of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in China","volume":"89","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.09.005","article-title":"DNA shuffling of the GP3 genes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) produces a chimeric virus with an improved cross-neutralizing ability against a heterologous PRRSV strain","volume":"434","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2256","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2112.150360","article-title":"NADC30-like strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, China","volume":"21","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1422335\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T05:09:58Z","timestamp":1719378598000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1422335\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1422335"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1422335","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"article-number":"1422335"}}