{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T15:13:45Z","timestamp":1793459625102,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While rabies remains a global concern, detailed studies on human rabies, particularly regarding causal animals and the reasons for not receiving postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), are lacking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a 3-year prospective study (October 2019\u2013September 2022) at the Philippines\u2019 largest rabies referral center. We interviewed patients with suspected rabies and their families. We used LN34 qRT-PCR and rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test on saliva samples. We also compared our findings with two retrospective studies at the same hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We enrolled 151 patients, including 131 with potential rabies exposure. Similar to retrospective studies, the participants were predominantly males (75.5%), adults (76.8%), low-income individuals (91.4%), and rural dwellers (62.3%). The causal animals were mainly dogs (97.0%), with similar incubation periods, clinical symptoms, and a high proportion not receiving vaccines or immunoglobulins (93.2%). Most causal animals were owned by either the patients\u2019 households or their neighbors (60.2%), with a significant proportion being puppies (58.8%). Most patients had knowledge of rabies; however, reasons for not seeking PEP included misconceptions about minor bites not causing rabies (51.3%), beliefs in traditional healers (33.9%), and economic constraints (22.6%). Despite completing the WHO regimen, two PEP failures were observed. LN34 qRT-PCR detected 98 positive cases (sensitivity, 64.9%; 95% CI 56.7\u201372.5). These strains belong to the Southeast Asia 4 subclade.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In conclusion, this study highlights the role of puppies as primary causal animals and the presence of misconceptions that preclude patients from acquiring PEP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1425766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]],"date-time":"2024-07-08T00:41:55Z","timestamp":1720399315000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Puppies as the primary causal animal for human rabies cases: three-year prospective study of human rabies in the Philippines"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Nobuo","family":"Saito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karren L.","family":"Inton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaira D.","family":"Mauhay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rontgene M.","family":"Solante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdinand D.","family":"Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kentaro","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhiko","family":"Kamiya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariko","family":"Saito-Obata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz P.","family":"Quiambao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takaaki","family":"Yahiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazunori","family":"Kimitsuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akira","family":"Nishizono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200873","article-title":"The evaluation of Animal Bite Treatment Centers in the Philippines from a patient perspective.","volume":"13","author":"Amparo","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199186","article-title":"The evaluation of operating Animal Bite Treatment Centers in the Philippines from a health provider perspective.","volume":"13","author":"Amparo","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5010045","article-title":"Rabies Vaccination of 6-week-old puppies born to immunized mothers: A randomized controlled trial in a high-mortality population of owned, free-roaming dogs.","volume":"5","author":"Arega","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. 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