{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T23:33:58Z","timestamp":1790206438875,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]],"date-time":"2024-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724198400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Xiaojin Pill (XJP) is a traditional Chinese medicine prescribed for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). It has been proven to have multiple effects, such as regulating sex hormone levels, exhibiting anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anti-platelet aggregation properties, and improving immunity. However, the material basis of XJP's therapeutic effect on BPH and its metabolic process <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> remains to be clarified. At the same time, many microorganisms that exist in the urogenital tract, including those related to BPH, can also affect the health of the host.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS\/MS), the chemical components of XJP were identified. A BPH model was created through bilateral testicular ablation and injections of testosterone propionate. A comprehensive evaluation of XJP efficacy was conducted using pathological ELISA, TUNEL, and immunohistochemical techniques. In addition, UPLC-MS metabolomics and 16S rRNA sequencing revealed the serum metabolic profile and intestinal microbiota composition. We performed a Spearman correlation coefficient analysis to highlight the interactions between \u201cintestinal microbiota-serum factors\u201d and \u201cintestinal microbiota-metabolites.\u201d<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>XJP contains 91 compounds that alleviate pathologies of BPH in rats, decreasing prostate weight, index, and serum levels of Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), epidermal growth factor (EGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels. It inhibits prostatic epithelial cell apoptosis and downregulates Bax, TGF-\u03b21, and IGF-1 proteins in the caspase-3 pathway. Metabolomics studies have revealed 10 upregulated and 10 downregulated metabolites in treated rats, with 5-methylcytosine, uracil, and cytosine enriched in pyrimidine metabolism. L-arginine plays a pivotal role in metabolic pathways encompassing pyrimidine metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that XJP optimized the diversity and balance of intestinal flora in BPH rats by decreasing the Bacteroidetes\/Firmicutes (B\/F) ratio, enhancing the beneficial bacteria, such as <jats:italic>Eggerthellaceae, Anaerovoracaceae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Romboutsia<\/jats:italic>, and suppressing the dysfunctional bacteria, such as <jats:italic>Atopobiaceae, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, Dorea<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Frisingicoccus<\/jats:italic>. According to the Spearman correlation coefficient analysis, <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> was found to be most associated with serum factors, whereas <jats:italic>Romboutsia<\/jats:italic> showed the highest correlation with metabolites. This finding suggests that XJP modulates pyrimidine metabolism disorders in BPH rats, a regulation that aligns closely with <jats:italic>Romboutsia, Prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group, Lactobacillus, Chujaibacter<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Enterorhabdus<\/jats:italic>, thereby providing valuable biological insights.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>In summary, these findings indicate that XJP possesses a synergistic anti-BHP effect through its multi-component, multi-target, multi-gut microbiota, and multi-metabolic pathway properties. The effect involves the regulation of sex hormone levels, growth factors, and the anti-epithelial cell apoptosis process. The modulation of specific gut microbiota by the host and the involvement of multiple metabolic pathways are likely one of the significant mechanisms of XJP in treating BPH. Notably, pyrimidine metabolism and the intestinal microbial ecosystem are closely intertwined in this process.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1431954","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,22]],"date-time":"2024-08-22T19:18:11Z","timestamp":1724354291000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Exploring the potential mechanism of Xiaojin Pill therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia through metabolomics and gut microbiota analysis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuying","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunyun","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunteng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhua","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaozhou","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liangchun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junning","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianbo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e109102","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0109102","article-title":"Characterization of fibrillar collagens and extracellular matrix of glandular benign prostatic hyperplasia nodules","volume":"9","author":"Bauman","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-023-01371-x","article-title":"Common salt aggravated pathology of testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in adult male Wistar rat","volume":"23","author":"Bello","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Urol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/pros.21433","article-title":"Acute bacterial inflammation of the mouse prostate","volume":"72","author":"Boehm","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2022.12.009","article-title":"Clostridium scindens metabolites trigger prostate cancer progression through androgen receptor signaling","volume":"56","author":"Bui","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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