{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:30:37Z","timestamp":1792103437033,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mammals are the main hosts for <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> sp., agents of worldwide zoonosis. Marine cetaceans and pinnipeds can be infected by <jats:italic>Brucella ceti<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. pinnipedialis<\/jats:italic>, respectively. Besides classical bacteriological typing, molecular approaches such as MLVA, MLSA, and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) can differentiate these species but are cumbersome to perform.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We compared the DNA and genome sequences of 12 strains isolated from nine marine mammals, with highly zoonotic <jats:italic>B. melitensis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>B. abortus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>B. suis<\/jats:italic>, and the publicly available genomes of <jats:italic>B. ceti<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. pinnipedialis. In silico<\/jats:italic> pipelines were used to detect the antimicrobial resistance (AMR), plasmid, and virulence genes (VGs) by screening six open-source and one home-made library.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our results show that easier-to-use HRM-PCR, Bruce-ladder, and Suis-ladder can separate marine <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> sp., and the results are fully concordant with other molecular methods, such as WGS. However, the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method cannot discriminate between <jats:italic>B. pinnipedialis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B. ceti<\/jats:italic> B1-94-like isolates. MLVA-16 results divided the investigated strains into three clades according to their preferred host, which was confirmed in WGS. <jats:italic>In silico<\/jats:italic> analysis did not find any AMR and plasmid genes, suggesting antimicrobial susceptibility of marine <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>, while the presence of the VGs <jats:italic>btpA<\/jats:italic> gene was variable dependent on the clade.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The HRM-PCR and Suis-ladder are quick, easy, and cost-effective methods to identify marine <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> sp. Moreover, <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> genome analyses can give useful insights into the genetic virulence and pathogenicity potential of marine <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> strains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1437408","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]],"date-time":"2024-09-18T04:47:34Z","timestamp":1726634854000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Combination of in silico and molecular techniques for discrimination and virulence characterization of marine Brucella ceti and Brucella pinnipedialis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Girault","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Freddi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryne","family":"Jay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludivine","family":"Perrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Dremeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Drapeau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"Delannoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Fach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Acacia","family":"Ferreira Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginie","family":"Mick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claire","family":"Ponsart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitomir","family":"Djokic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2006.12.015","article-title":"Evaluation of Brucella MLVA typing for human brucellosis","volume":"69","author":"Al Dahouk","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. 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