{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T08:20:48Z","timestamp":1789633248945,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study examined the phenol degradation capabilities and oxidative stress responses of <jats:italic>Candida tropicalis<\/jats:italic> SHC-03, demonstrating its metabolic superiority and resilience compared to <jats:italic>Saccharomyces cerevisiae<\/jats:italic> BY4742 in a culture medium with phenol as the sole carbon source. Through comparative growth, transcriptomic, and metabolomic analyses under different phenol concentrations, this study revealed <jats:italic>C. tropicalis<\/jats:italic> SHC-03\u2019s specialized adaptations for thriving in phenol as the sole carbon source environments. These include a strategic shift from carbohydrate metabolism to enhanced phenol degradation pathways, highlighted by the significant upregulation of genes for Phenol 2-monoxygenase and Catechol 1,2-dioxygenase. Despite phenol levels reaching 1.8\u2009g\/L, <jats:italic>C. tropicalis<\/jats:italic> exhibits a robust oxidative stress response, efficiently managing ROS through antioxidative pathways and the upregulation of genes for peroxisomal proteins like <jats:italic>PEX2<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>PEX13<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>PMP34<\/jats:italic>. Concurrently, there was significant upregulation of genes associated with membrane components and transmembrane transporters, enhancing the cell\u2019s capacity for substance exchange and signal transduction. Especially, when the phenol concentration was 1.6\u2009g\/L and 1.8\u2009g\/L, the degradation rates of <jats:italic>C. tropicalis<\/jats:italic> towards it were 99.47 and 95.91%, respectively. Conversely, <jats:italic>S. cerevisiae<\/jats:italic> BY4742 shows limited metabolic response, with pronounced growth inhibition and lack of phenol degradation. Therefore, our study not only sheds light on the molecular mechanisms underpinning phenol tolerance and degradation in <jats:italic>C. tropicalis<\/jats:italic> but also positions this yeast as a promising candidate for environmental and industrial processes aimed at mitigating phenol pollution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1442235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T15:53:56Z","timestamp":1726070036000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Unveiling superior phenol detoxification and degradation ability in Candida tropicalis SHC-03: a comparative study with Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4742"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baichao","family":"Shu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaye","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linjia","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiwei","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaojun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menggen","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.21148","article-title":"Degradation of phenol by aerobic granules and isolated yeast Candida tropicalis","volume":"96","author":"Adav","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref2","volume-title":"Mapping phenolics metabolism and metabolic engineering of","author":"Adeboye","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1504\/IJEP.2008.016895","article-title":"Microbial degradation of phenols: a review","volume":"32","author":"Agarry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/1754-6834-3-2","article-title":"Furfural induces reactive oxygen species accumulation and cellular damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"3","author":"Allen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25018","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M602354200","article-title":"Mutations in the FAD binding domain cause stress-induced misoxidation of the endoplasmic reticulum oxidoreductase Ero1\u03b2","volume":"281","author":"Dias-Gunasekara","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43474","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043474","article-title":"Proteomic research reveals the stress response and detoxification of yeast to combined inhibitors","volume":"7","author":"Ding","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00180","article-title":"MFS transporters required for multidrug\/multixenobiotic (MD\/MX) resistance in the model yeast: understanding their physiological function through post-genomic approaches","volume":"5","author":"dos Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117005","article-title":"A review on recent advancements in extraction, removal and recovery of phenols from phenolic wastewater: challenges and future outlook","volume":"237","author":"Grace Pavithra","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00495","article-title":"Community analysis and recovery of phenol-degrading bacteria from drinking water biofilters","volume":"7","author":"Gu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-019-1610-9","article-title":"Physiological mechanism of improved tolerance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to lignin-derived phenolic acids in lignocellulosic ethanol fermentation by short-term adaptation","volume":"12","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(00)00562-2","article-title":"Ecotoxicological and chemical evaluation of phenolic compounds in industrial effluents","volume":"44","author":"Guerra","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136443","article-title":"Biodegradation of phenol by Candida tropicalis sp.: kinetics, identification of putative genes and reconstruction of catabolic pathways by genomic and transcriptomic characteristics","volume":"308","author":"He","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-023-02292-y","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of Candida tropicalis B: a promising yeast strain for biodegradation of petroleum oil in marine environments","volume":"23","author":"Hegazy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2007.12.004","article-title":"Redox control and oxidative stress in yeast cells","volume":"1780","author":"Herrero","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Gen. Subj."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654163","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.654163","article-title":"Comparative genomics of peroxisome biogenesis proteins: making sense of the PEX proteins","volume":"9","author":"Jansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-9164(04)90202-0","article-title":"Removal of phenol from wastewater by different separation techniques","volume":"163","author":"Kujawski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2019.109658","article-title":"Biodegradation of phenol in saline or hypersaline environments by bacteria: a review","volume":"184","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1364425","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1364425","article-title":"Genome-wide identification of resistance genes and response mechanism analysis of key gene knockout strain to catechol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"15","author":"Liao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2014-0417","article-title":"Identification and characterization of phenol hydroxylase from phenol-degrading Candida tropicalis strain JH8","volume":"60","author":"Long","year":"2014","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28031203","article-title":"Characterization and biodegradation of phenol by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella variicola strains isolated from sewage sludge and their effect on soybean seeds germination","volume":"28","author":"Mahgoub","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.3109\/1040841X.2013.829416","article-title":"Coupling of transcriptional response to oxidative stress and secondary metabolism regulation in filamentous fungi","volume":"41","author":"Montibus","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555657","DOI":"10.19080\/omcij.2018.05.555657","article-title":"Phenol sensing studies by 4-Aminoantipyrine method-a review","volume":"5","author":"Mosae Selvakumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Org. Med. Chem. Int. J."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.133688","article-title":"Recent developments in photocatalysis of industrial effluents: a review and example of phenolic compounds degradation","volume":"296","author":"Motamedi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2022.102423","article-title":"A comprehensive review on eco-toxicity and biodegradation of phenolics: recent progress and future outlook","volume":"27","author":"Panigrahy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-013-0119-0","article-title":"Biodegradation of phenol by the yeast candida tropicalis: an investigation by NMR spectroscopy","volume":"169","author":"Phalgune","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fluid.2004.09.005","article-title":"Strategies for recovering phenol from wastewater: thermodynamic evaluation and environmental concerns","author":"Pinto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Fluid Phase Equilib."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcata.2004.08.030","article-title":"Industrial catalytic processes - phenol production","volume":"280","author":"Schmidt","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. A Gen."},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"165","article-title":"Physiological and genetic analysis of cellular sodium and lithium response\/resistance behavior using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism","volume":"45","author":"Tekarslan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Istanbul Univ."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2009.01.001","article-title":"Biodegradation and phenol tolerance by recycled cells of Candida tropicalis NCIM 3556","volume":"63","author":"Varma","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2018.00438","article-title":"MFS transporters and GABA metabolism are involved in the self-defense against DON in fusarium graminearum","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00544","article-title":"Cellular analysis and comparative Transcriptomics reveal the tolerance mechanisms of Candida tropicalis toward phenol","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132090","article-title":"Discovery of new strains for furfural degradation using adaptive laboratory evolution in Saccharomyces cerevisiae","volume":"459","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598173","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.598173","article-title":"The multiple roles of ascorbate in the abiotic stress response of plants: antioxidant, cofactor, and regulator","volume":"12","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2005.02.016","article-title":"The biodegradation of phenol at high initial concentration by the yeast Candida tropicalis","volume":"24","author":"Yan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1089\/omi.2011.0127","article-title":"Integrated phospholipidomics and transcriptomics analysis of saccharomyces cerevisiae with enhanced tolerance to a mixture of acetic acid, furfural, and phenol","volume":"16","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Omi. A J. Integr. Biol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw055","article-title":"Comparative transcriptomics elucidates adaptive phenol tolerance and utilization in lipid-accumulating Rhodococcus opacus PD630","volume":"44","author":"Yoneda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1442235\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T15:44:06Z","timestamp":1726501446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1442235\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1442235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1442235","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"article-number":"1442235"}}