{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:42:20Z","timestamp":1791225740947,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Streptococcus (S.) equi<\/jats:italic> subspecies (subsp.) <jats:italic>zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> is an important facultative pathogen in horses and can cause severe infections in other species including humans. Facing the post-antibiotic era, novel antimicrobials are needed for fighting bacterial infections. Bacteriophages (phages) are the natural predators of bacteria and discussed as a promising antimicrobial treatment option. The objective of this study was to isolate and characterize <jats:italic>S. equi<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>zooepidemicus-<\/jats:italic>specific phages for the first time and to evaluate their efficacy <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>. In total, 13 phages with lytic activity were isolated and host ranges were determined. Two phages with broad host ranges and high efficiency of plating (vB_SeqZP_LmqsRe26-2 (lytic activity: 30\/37 bacterial isolates) and vB_SeqZP_LmqsRe26-3 (lytic activity: 29\/37 bacterial isolates)) and one phage with relatively low efficiency of plating (vB_SeqZP_LmqsRe26-1) were selected for further characterization, including electron microscopy and whole genome sequencing. In <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> planktonic killing assays at two tested multiplicities of infection (MOI 1 and MOI 10), significant bacterial growth reduction was observed when the phages vB_SeqZP_LmqsRe26-2 and vB_SeqZP_LmqsRe26-3 were added. These phages were subsequently co-incubated with clinical <jats:italic>S. equi<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> isolates in an equine endometrial explant model but did not achieve bacterial growth reduction at MOI 1 and MOI 10. However, helium ion microscopy revealed presence of particles adherent to the bacteria on the explant after incubation (25\u2009h), suggesting possible phage-bacteria interactions. In conclusion, phages against <jats:italic>S. equi<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> were successfully isolated and characterized. Promising results were observed in <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> but no significant reduction was detected in <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> experiments, requiring additional investigations. However, after further adaptations (e.g., optimization of MOIs and phage administration or use of phage-antibiotic combination), phages could be a potential antimicrobial tool for future therapeutic use in <jats:italic>S. equi<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>zooepidemicus<\/jats:italic> infections, although the available results do not currently support the therapeutic usage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1448958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]],"date-time":"2024-10-28T04:38:29Z","timestamp":1730090309000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Isolation and characterization of bacteriophages specific to Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus and evaluation of efficacy ex vivo"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"K\u00f6hne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronja","family":"H\u00fcsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"T\u00f6nissen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"M\u00fcsken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denny","family":"B\u00f6ttcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliane","family":"Hirnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine","family":"Pl\u00f6tz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Kittler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Sieme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10020124","article-title":"Phage-encoded Endolysins","volume":"10","author":"Abdelrahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1383-y","article-title":"Prokaryote viruses studied by electron microscopy","volume":"157","author":"Ackermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. 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