{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:55:58Z","timestamp":1793228158150,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Feline respiratory disease complex (FRDC) is a highly prevalent syndrome in cats that often result in fatal outcomes. FRDC etiology is complex, and often, multiple viral and bacterial pathogens are simultaneously associated with disease causation. There is limited information about the role of co-infections in pathogenesis and the current prevalence of pathogens in North America. We aimed to conduct a study using technical advances in molecular diagnosis and statistical modeling analysis to elucidate the occurrence of pathogens and how co-infections affect disease severity. We attained information from three diagnostic laboratories in North America regarding the occurrence of <jats:italic>Bordetella bronchiseptica<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Chlamydia felis<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Felid alphaherpesvirus<\/jats:italic> 1 (FeHV-1), feline calicivirus (FCV), and influenza A, along with age, seasonality, sex, and clinical signs. We also evaluated the role of co-infections in disease severity. These pathogens were also investigated in clinically normal cats (control). The most detected pathogens were <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic>, FCV, and FeHV-1. Most pathogens were detected in the control group, highlighting the challenge of interpreting positive testing results. Co-infections of <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic> and FCV, as well as <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic> and FeHV-1, were important predictors of disease severity. Age, sex, and season had a minor impact on pathogen occurrence. This study provides new insights into FRDC and underlines the relevance of diagnostic panels to screen for a range of pathogens, providing knowledge for timely diagnosis and therapeutic interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1455453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T04:46:53Z","timestamp":1725338813000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Feline respiratory disease complex: insights into the role of viral and bacterial co-infections"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Grazieli","family":"Maboni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunoh","family":"Che","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Tallmadge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliana","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura B.","family":"Goodman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Scott","family":"Weese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0268730","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0268730","article-title":"Chronic clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease associate with gut and respiratory microbiomes in a cohort of domestic felines","volume":"17","author":"Arnold","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfms.2004.07.004","article-title":"Epidemiologic evaluation of multiple respiratory pathogens in cats in animal shelters","volume":"7","author":"Bannasch","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. 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