{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T13:07:51Z","timestamp":1780319271623,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729468800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Camellia reticulata<\/jats:italic>, an ancient plant species endemic to Yunnan Province, China, remains underexplored in terms of its endophytic bacterial communities. The plant tissue pedicel serves as the connection between the flower and the stem, not only delivers nutrients but also transmits metabolic substances from endophytic bacteria to the nectar during long-term microbial colonization and probably improves the antagonistic activity of nectar against yeast. Hence, 138 isolates of endophytic bacteria have been isolated in this study from the pedicels of 12- and 60-year-old <jats:italic>C. reticulata<\/jats:italic>. Comparative analysis revealed significantly higher density of endophytic bacteria in older trees. Among these isolates, 29 exhibited inhibitory effects against nectar yeasts. Most of the isolates displayed positive results for Gram staining, catalase reaction, gelatin liquefaction, and motility. Additionally, the isolates demonstrated the ability to utilize diverse substrates, such as glucose, nitrate, and starch. Based on 16S rRNA molecular biology analysis, these isolates were identified to be 11 different species of 6 genera, with the majority belonging to <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic> genus. Notably, C1 isolate, identified as <jats:italic>Bacillus spizizenii<\/jats:italic>, exhibited strongest antagonistic effect against three yeasts, i.e., <jats:italic>Metschnikowia reukaufii, Cryptococcus laurentii<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Rhodotorula glutinis<\/jats:italic>, with minimum inhibitory concentration values below 250 \u03bcg\/mL. Major metabolites of <jats:italic>B. spizizenii<\/jats:italic> were aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, and quinolones, which possess antimicrobial activities. Furthermore, KEGG enrichment pathways primarily included the synthesis of plant secondary metabolites, phenylpropanoids, amino acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, neomycin, kanamycin, and gentamicin. Therefore, antagonistic activity of <jats:italic>B. spizizenii<\/jats:italic> against yeasts could be attributed to these antibiotics. The findings highlight the diverse endophytic bacteria associated with <jats:italic>C. reticulata<\/jats:italic>, indicating their potential as a valuable resource of bioactive metabolites. Additionally, this study provides new insights into the role of endophytic bacteria of pedicels in enhancing nectar resistance against yeasts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1459354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T15:18:25Z","timestamp":1729523905000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Endophytic bacteria in Camellia reticulata pedicels: isolation, screening and analysis of antagonistic activity against nectar yeasts"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Qingxin","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijie","family":"Xun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoman","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shangkao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenzheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xueyang","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS.2002.86.2.156","article-title":"Effect of compost amendments on disease severity and yield of tomato in conventional and organic production systems","volume":"86","author":"Abbasi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Plant Dis"},{"key":"B2","volume-title":"Plant Health Under Biotic Stress","author":"Ansari","year":"2019"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00427","article-title":"The biocontrol endophytic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens PICF7 induces systemic defense responses in aerial tissues upon colonization of olive roots","volume":"5","author":"Caban\u00e1s","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcs183","article-title":"Micro-organisms behind the pollination scenes: microbial imprint on floral nectar sugar variation in a tropical plant community","volume":"110","author":"Canto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Bot"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14666","article-title":"Biotechnological applications of the medicinal plant Pseudobrickellia brasiliensis and its isolated endophytic bacteria","volume":"129","author":"Cardoso","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-020-02141-1","article-title":"Contribution of macrolactin in Bacillus velezensis CLA178 to the antagonistic activities against Agrobacterium tumefaciens C58","volume":"203","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4951","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.9.4951-4959.2005","article-title":"Use of plant growth-promoting bacteria for biocontrol of plant diseases: principles, mechanisms of action, and future prospect","volume":"71","author":"Compant","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02539143","article-title":"Distribution of epiphytic bacteria on olive leaves and the influence of leaf age and sampling time","volume":"21","author":"Ercolani","year":"1991","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol"},{"key":"B9","volume-title":"Species and Utilization of Camellia in Yunnan (in Chinese)","author":"Feng","year":"1980"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1127\/entomologia\/2023\/1991","article-title":"Endophytic Beauveria bassiana modifies flowering phenology, floral volatile profile and pollinator behaviour in melon","volume":"43","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Mas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Entomol. Gener"},{"key":"B11","volume-title":"Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology","author":"Goodfellow","year":"2009"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10091815","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of endophyte Bacillus velezensis KOF112 from grapevine shoot xylem as biological control agent for fungal diseases","volume":"10","author":"Hamaoka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0160121","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01601-21","article-title":"The plant-beneficial rhizobacterium Bacillus velezensis FZB42 controls the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae due to bacilysin production","volume":"87","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00050-14","article-title":"The hidden world within plants: ecological and evolutionary considerations for defining functioning of microbial endophytes","volume":"79","author":"Hardoim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1093\/aob\/mcp026","article-title":"Yeasts in floral nectar: a quantitative survey","volume":"103","author":"Herrera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Bot"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1890\/08-0241.1","article-title":"Invisible floral larcenies: microbial communities degrade floral nectar of bumble bee-pollinated plants","volume":"89","author":"Herrera","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.3969\/j.issn.2095-1191.2023.07.011","volume":"54","author":"Huang","year":"2023"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.13989\/j.cnki.0517-6611.2016.08.045","article-title":"Screening and identification of oil-tea endophytic antagonistic bacteria (in Chinese)","volume":"8","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Anhui Agric. Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2016.11.023","article-title":"Complete genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis M75, a biocontrol agent against fungal plant pathogens, isolated from cotton waste","volume":"241","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol"},{"key":"B20","volume-title":"Microbial Endophytes","author":"Kumar","year":"2020"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1109\/BMEI.2009.5304770","article-title":"Isolation and identification of endophytic bacteria antagonistic to Camellia oleifera anthracnose","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-011-9661-3","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of culturable endophytic actinobacteria associated with Artemisia annua L","volume":"101","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.5423\/PPJ.OA.04.2017.0073","article-title":"Diffusible and volatile antifungal compounds produced by an antagonistic Bacillus velezensis G341 against various phytopathogenic fungi","volume":"33","author":"Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Pathol. J"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02552","article-title":"Inner plant values: diversity, colonization and benefits from endophytic bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41477-020-00826-5","article-title":"Bacterial seed endophyte shapes disease resistance in rice","volume":"7","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Plants"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2007.12.009","article-title":"Bacillus lipopeptides: versatile weapons for plant disease biocontrol","volume":"16","author":"Ongena","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2017.02.022","article-title":"The complete genome sequence of Bacillus velezensis 9912D reveals its biocontrol mechanism as a novel commercial biological fungicide agent","volume":"247","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-082712-102340","article-title":"Induced systemic resistance by beneficial microbes","volume":"52","author":"Pieterse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02714","DOI":"10.1002\/ecs2.2714","article-title":"Movers and shakers: bumble bee foraging behavior shapes the dispersal of microbes among and within flowers","volume":"10","author":"Russell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecosphere"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2015.11.008","article-title":"Plant growth-promoting bacterial endophytes","volume":"183","author":"Santoyo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1603\/EN09190","article-title":"Floral transmission of erwinia tracheiphila by cucumber beetles in a wild Cucurbita pepo","volume":"39","author":"Sasu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Entomol"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879386","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.879386","article-title":"Diversity, antimicrobial activity, and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of endophytic bacteria sourced from Cordia dichotoma L","volume":"13","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2014-0613","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides of the genus Bacillus: a new era for antibiotics","volume":"61","author":"Sumi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s13225-013-0227-8","article-title":"An antimicrobial peptide from endophytic Fusarium tricinctum of Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja","volume":"60","author":"Tejesvi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fungal Divers"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12151","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12151","article-title":"Host genotype and age shape the leaf and root microbiomes of a wild perennial plant","volume":"7","author":"Wagner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172629","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1172629","article-title":"Isolation, identification, and antibacterial evaluation of endophytic fungi from Gannan navel orange","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/oik.06818","article-title":"Linked networks reveal dual roles of insect dispersal and species sorting for bacterial communities in flowers","volume":"130","author":"Zemenick","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oikos"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1039\/b609472b","article-title":"Biology and chemistry of endophytes","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2017.12.018","article-title":"Bacillaceae-derived peptide antibiotics since 2000","volume":"101","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"B40","volume-title":"Concise Tutorial in Botany (in Chinese)","author":"Zhou","year":"2015"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00826","article-title":"Floral nectary morphology and proteomic analysis of nectar of Liriodendron tulipifera Linn","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1459354\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T15:18:29Z","timestamp":1729523909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1459354\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1459354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1459354","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]]},"article-number":"1459354"}}