{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T13:48:58Z","timestamp":1777038538044,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82360665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82360665"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024JJ7406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJ7406"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024JJ9043"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JJ9043"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent studies have increasingly shown the connection between gut microbiome and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, no studies have explored the relationship between the gut virome and GDM, and the underlying mechanism remains unknown.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a nested case-control study within a follow-up cohort, enrolling 51 patients with GDM and 51 healthy controls. Shotgun metagenomics sequencing was used to explore gut virome profiles during early pregnancy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Diversity analysis revealed no difference in the overall gut virome composition between two groups, however, we found greater abundance of <jats:italic>Escherichia phage SH2026Stx1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic> = 0.23), <jats:italic>Enterobacteria phage mEp043 c-1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic> = 0.21), <jats:italic>crAssphage cr50_1<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic> = 0.21), <jats:italic>Enterobacteria phage phi80<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic> = 0.21), and <jats:italic>Escherichia phage HK106<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Q<\/jats:italic> = 0.23) in GDM patients. Cross-kingdom correlation analysis showed the negative correlation between the gut bacterium <jats:italic>Eubacterium eligens<\/jats:italic> and three bacteriophages (<jats:italic>Escherichia phage SH2026Stx1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Enterobacteria phage mEp043 c-1<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Escherichia phage HK106<\/jats:italic>) in GDM group (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Based on gut microbial features and clinical indicators, we constructed a new prediction model using random forest method for GDM with good predictive performance (AUC of 0.893, 95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>: 0.736 \u223c 0.990).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study is the first to investigate the relationship between the gut virome and GDM as well as the cross-kingdom correlation between gut viruses and bacteria in GDM. Our findings could enhance strategies for preventing and treating GDM from the perspective of gut microbiome, offering valuable insights into its pathogenesis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1461259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]],"date-time":"2024-11-15T06:14:25Z","timestamp":1731651265000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["A nested case-control study on the association of gut virome in early pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xinrui","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinpeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zixin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongzhuan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianyu","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1159\/000516689","article-title":"Gut microbiota profiles in early- and late-onset colorectal cancer: A potential diagnostic biomarker in the future.","volume":"102","author":"Abdullah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(09)60731-5","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus after gestational diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis.","volume":"373","author":"Bellamy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4206-6","article-title":"Gestational diabetes and adverse perinatal outcomes from 716,152 births in France in 2012.","volume":"60","author":"Billionnet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S105","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-s201","article-title":"What is gestational diabetes?","volume":"30","author":"Buchanan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.575084","article-title":"Enteric phageome alterations in patients with type 2 diabetes.","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. 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