{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T16:13:47Z","timestamp":1775664827157,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last few decades, tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) has become a growing public health problem in Europe. The tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) is a zoonotic virus that affects the central nervous system (CNS). TBEV has been detected in 27 European countries, and the rise in TBE cases is mainly due to environmental and ecological factors, and factors that increase the risk of human exposure to infected ticks. The infection via the alimentary route is the second most common means of TBEV transmission to humans. Raw milk from infected goats, sheep, or cows has been identified as a source of human food-borne infections. This study aims to gather new information on the prevalence of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in raw goat\u2019s and cow\u2019s milk and related raw products in the Lombard Alps (Italy). This is important due to the close proximity of Lombardy to the Triveneto region, where TBE is endemic, and southern Switzerland, where numerous TBEV-positive mammals have been found. Throughout 2023, a passive monitoring plan was implemented on samples delivered for TBEV analyses from the Alpine pastures. In total, 248 specimens including raw milk, raw milk cheese, and butter were tested. This is the first monitoring of food at risk of TBEV transmission in a non-endemic region with evidence of TBEV circulation. Despite testing a wide range of dairy products, no sample tested positive for RNA-TBEV by real-time RT-PCR. Preliminary results suggest that raw milk and raw dairy products do not pose a significant risk of TBEV transmission to humans in the territory of Lombardy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1462645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T08:04:01Z","timestamp":1728461041000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analysis of the zoonotic tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) in raw milk and dairy products in mountain pastures of the Lombardy region, Italy"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Scarazzato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Righi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marco Pietro","family":"Sommariva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Bertoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Sala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Paterlini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Daminelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Finazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina-Nadia","family":"Losio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Pavoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1730246","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis foci in Northeast Italy revealed by combined virus detection in ticks, serosurvey on goats and human cases","volume":"9","author":"Alfano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microb. Infect."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1159\/000324023","article-title":"Experimental infection of goats with tick-borne encephalitis virus and the possibilities to prevent virus transmission by raw goat Milk","volume":"55","author":"Balogh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intervirology"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2009.10.003","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis outbreak in Hungary due to consumption of raw goat milk","volume":"163","author":"Balogh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.15.17-00336","article-title":"A cluster of two human cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) transmitted by unpasteurised goat milk and cheese in Germany, may 2016","volume":"23","author":"Brockmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031812","article-title":"Food-borne transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus\u2014spread, consequences, and prophylaxis","volume":"19","author":"Buczek","year":"2022","journal-title":"IJERPH."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.013367-0","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic variability of tick-borne encephalitis virus in host-seeking Ixodes ricinus in northern Italy","volume":"90","author":"Carpi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0081-6","article-title":"A new subtype of eastern tick-borne encephalitis virus discovered in Qinghai-Tibet plateau, China","volume":"7","author":"Dai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101491","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection in pregnancy: absence of virus transmission to the fetuses despite severe maternal disease \u2013 a case study","volume":"11","author":"Div\u00e9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-borne Dis."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2810.220498","article-title":"Systematic review and Meta-analysis of foodborne Tickborne encephalitis, Europe, 1980\u20132021","volume":"28","author":"Elbaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref10","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis, Lombardy, Italy","volume":"30","author":"Gaffuri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect Dis\/ [Internet]"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2020.101489","article-title":"Ticks climb the mountains: Ixodid tick infestation and infection by tick-borne pathogens in the Western Alps","volume":"11","author":"Garcia-Vozmediano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863725","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.863725","article-title":"A one-health approach to investigating an outbreak of alimentary tick-borne encephalitis in a non-endemic area in France (Ain, eastern France): a longitudinal serological study in livestock, detection in ticks, and the first tick-borne encephalitis virus isolation and molecular characterisation","volume":"13","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(02)00206-1","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis","volume":"57","author":"Gritsun","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1510.090743","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis from eating goat cheese in a mountain region of Austria","volume":"15","author":"Holzmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref15","year":"2024"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2015.05.001","article-title":"Review: sentinels of tick-borne encephalitis risk","volume":"6","author":"Imhoff","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-borne Dis."},{"key":"ref17","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268815000485","article-title":"Factors affecting the ecology of tick-borne encephalitis in Slovenia","volume":"143","author":"Knap","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3390\/v14010056","article-title":"Alimentary infections by tick-borne encephalitis virus","volume":"14","author":"Li\u010dkov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.011437-0","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus\u2014a review of an emerging zoonosis","volume":"90","author":"Mansfield","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102028","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2022.102028","article-title":"Systematic review on the non-vectorial transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEv)","volume":"13","author":"Martello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12554","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis virus in cows and unpasteurized cow milk from Norway","volume":"66","author":"Paulsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref23","year":""},{"key":"ref24","year":""},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-020-09427-z","article-title":"Survival of tick-borne encephalitis virus in goat cheese and Milk","volume":"12","author":"R\u00f3nai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.01.014","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis in Europe and Russia: review of pathogenesis, clinical features, therapy, and vaccines","volume":"164","author":"Ruzek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.4149\/av_2020_212","article-title":". Tick-borne encephalitis in domestic animals","volume":"64","author":"Salat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Virol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/S1386-6532(02)00168-3","article-title":"Development of a quantitative real-time RT-PCR assay with internal control for the laboratory detection of tick borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) RNA","volume":"27","author":"Schwaiger","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2010.10.007","article-title":"Tick-borne encephalitis 2010: epidemiology, risk areas, and virus strains in Europe and Asia\u2014an overview","volume":"2","author":"S\u00fcss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ticks and Tick-borne Dis."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.07.022","article-title":"Saturation deficit and deer density affect questing activity and local abundance of Ixodes ricinus (Acari, Ixodidae) in Italy","volume":"183","author":"Tagliapietra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref31","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.11.2200543","article-title":"Spatiotemporal spread of tick-borne encephalitis in the EU\/EEA, 2012 to 2020","volume":"28","author":"Van Heuverswyn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e145","DOI":"10.7417\/T.2018.2069","article-title":"A lethal tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) due to TBE virus in Sicily (Italy): a case of IgG+\/IgM- response?","volume":"169","author":"Ventura Spagnolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Ter."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2023.28.26.2200666","article-title":"VectorNet: collaborative mapping of arthropod disease vectors in Europe and surrounding areas since 2010","volume-title":"Eurosurveillance","author":"Wint","year":"2023"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1462645\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T08:04:05Z","timestamp":1728461045000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1462645\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1462645"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1462645","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"article-number":"1462645"}}