{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T11:28:16Z","timestamp":1788866896702,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731974400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The advancement of antimicrobial resistance is a significant public health issue today. With the spread of resistant bacterial strains in water resources, especially in urban sewage, metagenomic studies enable the investigation of the microbial composition and resistance genes present in these locations. This study characterized the bacterial community and antibiotic resistance genes in a sewage system that receives effluents from various sources through metagenomics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>One liter of surface water was collected at four points of a sewage channel, and after filtration, the total DNA was extracted and then sequenced on an NGS platform (Illumina\u00ae NextSeq). The sequenced data were trimmed, and the microbiome was predicted using the Kraken software, while the resistome was analyzed on the CARD webserver. All ecological and statistical analyses were performed using the. RStudio tool.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The complete metagenome results showed a community with high diversity at the beginning and more restricted diversity at the end of the sampling, with a predominance of the phyla Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. Most species were considered pathogenic, with an emphasis on those belonging to the <jats:italic>Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> family. It was possible to identify bacterial groups of different threat levels to human health according to a report by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The resistome analysis predominantly revealed genes that confer resistance to multiple drugs, followed by aminoglycosides and macrolides, with efflux pumps and drug inactivation being the most prevalent resistance mechanisms. This work was pioneering in characterizing resistance in a sanitary environment in the Amazon region and reinforces that sanitation measures for urban sewage are necessary to prevent the advancement of antibiotic resistance and the contamination of water resources, as evidenced by the process of eutrophication.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1466353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T04:19:54Z","timestamp":1731989994000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Metagenomics insights into bacterial diversity and antibiotic resistome of the sewage in the city of Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1, Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"S\u00e9rgio","family":"Ramos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edivaldo","family":"J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Alegria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elianne","family":"Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Patroca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Cec\u00edlia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiano","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"798292","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/798292","article-title":"Megacities as sources for pathogenic bacteria in rivers and their fate downstream","volume":"2011","author":"Abraham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1781518","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/1781518","article-title":"Prevalence of multiple drug-resistant Bacteria in the Main campus wastewater treatment Plant of Wolaita Sodo University, Southern Ethiopia","volume":"2022","author":"Adugna","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e33365","DOI":"10.2196\/33365","article-title":"Effective treatment strategies for the removal of antibiotic-resistant Bacteria, antibiotic-resistance genes, and antibiotic residues in the effluent from wastewater treatment plants receiving municipal, hospital, and domestic wastewater: protocol for a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Alam","year":"2021","journal-title":"JMIR Res. Protoc."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20530","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-17115-z","article-title":"Occurrence of toxic metals and their selective pressure for antibiotic-resistant clinically relevant bacteria and antibiotic-resistant genes in river receiving systems under tropical conditions","volume":"29","author":"Al Salah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref9001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118445112.stat07841","article-title":"Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (PERMANOVA)","volume-title":"Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online","author":"Anderson","year":"2017"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17284","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17284","article-title":"Impact of a wastewater treatment plant on microbial community composition and function in a hyporheic zone of a eutrophic river","volume":"5","author":"Atashgahi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.14.4.933-951.2001","article-title":"Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases in the 21st century: characterization, epidemiology, and detection of this important resistance threat","volume":"14","author":"Bradford","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref7","volume-title":"Minist\u00e9rio do Desenvolvimento Urbano e Meio Ambiente. Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente\u2013CONAMA. Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00b0 357","year":"2005"},{"key":"ref8","volume-title":"Antibiotic resistance threats in the United States, 2019","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2023.093","article-title":"National Action Plan in antimicrobial resistance using framework analysis for China","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4586","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000097107","article-title":"Composition, variability, and temporal stability of the intestinal microbiota of the elderly","volume":"108","author":"Claesson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2014-15-7-r89","article-title":"Host lifestyle affects human microbiota on daily timescales","volume":"15","author":"David","year":"2014","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00181","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00181-19","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens","volume":"33","author":"De Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2018.07.013","article-title":"Carbapenem resistance in bacteria isolated from soil and water environments in Algeria","volume":"15","author":"Djenadi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Global Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12089","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b02988","article-title":"Do sanitation improvements reduce fecal contamination of water, hands, food, soil, and flies? Evidence from a cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh","volume":"52","author":"Ercumen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7023","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01524-15","article-title":"Comparison of sewage and animal fecal microbiomes by using Oligotyping reveals potential human fecal indicators in multiple taxonomic groups","volume":"81","author":"Fisher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref16","first-page":"226","article-title":"On the antibacterial action of cultures of a Penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenz\u00e6","volume":"10","author":"Fleming","year":"1929","journal-title":"Br. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01881","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in the food chain: a developing country-perspective","volume":"7","author":"Founou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed5010033","article-title":"The contribution of wastewater to the transmission of antimicrobial resistance in the environment: implications of mass gathering settings","volume":"5","author":"Fouz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tropic. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00364","article-title":"Extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacteria recovered from an amazonian lake near the City of Bel\u00e9m, Brazil","volume":"10","author":"Freitas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18020563","article-title":"The prevalence of virulent and multidrug-resistant enterococci in river water and in treated and untreated municipal and hospital wastewater","volume":"18","author":"Gotkowska-P\u0142achta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.100","article-title":"The prevalence of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas spp. in the municipal wastewater system and their dissemination in the environment","volume":"626","author":"Harnisz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref9002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08853-3","article-title":"Global monitoring of antimicrobial resistance based on metagenomics analyses of urban sewage","volume":"10","author":"Hendriksen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.2307\/1934352","article-title":"Diversity and evenness: a unify- ing notation and its consequences","volume":"54","author":"Hill","year":"1973","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-021-00931-w","article-title":"Surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in low- and middle-income countries: a scattered picture","volume":"10","author":"Iskandar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D566","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw1004","article-title":"CARD 2017: expansion and model-centric curation of the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database","volume":"45","author":"Jia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btn129","article-title":"Adegenet: a R package for the multivariate analysis of genetic markers","volume":"24","author":"Jombart","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2156-11-94","article-title":"Discriminant analysis of principal components: a new method for the analysis of genetically structured populations","volume":"11","author":"Jombart","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Genet."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-819722-6.00004-3","article-title":"Microbiology of hospital wastewater","volume-title":"Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering","author":"Kaur","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4666","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19084666","article-title":"An overview of antibiotic resistance and abiotic stresses affecting antimicrobial resistance in agricultural soils","volume":"19","author":"Kaviani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv033","article-title":"MEGAHIT: an ultra-fast single-node solution for large and complex metagenomics assembly via succinct de Bruijn graph","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-65031-y","article-title":"Metagenomic analysis of an urban resistome before and after wastewater treatment","volume":"10","author":"Lira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.8.s.3.2.x","article-title":"The era of antimicrobial resistance-implications for the clinical laboratory","volume":"8","author":"Low","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4020088","article-title":"The one health approach-why is it so important?","volume":"4","author":"Mackenzie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e78906","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078906","article-title":"Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial community composition in a river influenced by a wastewater treatment plant","volume":"8","author":"Marti","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1193907","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1193907","article-title":"Wastewater treatment plants, an \"escape gate\" for ESCAPE pathogens","volume":"14","author":"Marutescu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2467-2","article-title":"Expansion of highly stable Bla OXA-10 \u03b2-lactamase family within diverse host range among nosocomial isolates of gram-negative bacilli within a tertiary referral hospital of Northeast India","volume":"10","author":"Maurya","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC. Res. Notes"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00419-13","article-title":"The comprehensive antibiotic resistance database","volume":"57","author":"McArthur","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.08.002","article-title":"Discovering new indicators of fecal pollution","volume":"22","author":"McLellan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2004.04129.x","article-title":"Differentiate to thrive: lessons from the Legionella pneumophila life cycle","volume":"53","author":"Molofsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.080239","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in hospitals: how concerned should we be?","volume":"180","author":"Mulvey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34312-7","article-title":"Genomic analysis of sewage from 101 countries reveals global landscape of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"13","author":"Munk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-022-03334-0","article-title":"Occurrence of antibiotics and bacterial resistance genes in wastewater: resistance mechanisms and antimicrobial resistance control approaches","volume":"38","author":"Mutuku","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02574","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02574-14","article-title":"Sewage reflects the microbiomes of human populations","volume":"6","author":"Newton","year":"2015","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9673","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46015-z","article-title":"Characterization of bacterial communities in wastewater with enhanced taxonomic resolution by full-length 16S rRNA sequencing","volume":"9","author":"Numberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15071365","article-title":"Characterization of bacterial communities and their antibiotic resistance profiles in wastewaters obtained from pharmaceutical facilities in Lagos and Ogun states, Nigeria","volume":"15","author":"Obayiuwana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935842","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/935842","article-title":"The occurrence of blaCTX\u2212M, blaSHV, and blaTEM genes in extended- spectrum \u03b2 -lactamase-positive strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Proteus mirabilis in Poland","volume":"2014","author":"Ojdana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Antibiot."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaau9124","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau9124","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in European wastewater treatment plants mirrors the pattern of clinical antibiotic resistance prevalence","volume":"5","author":"P\u00e4rn\u00e4nen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref47","first-page":"535","article-title":"QacEdelta1 gene frequency and biocide resistance in extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing enterobacteriaceae clinical isolates","volume":"64","author":"Pastrana-Carrasco","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rev. Investig. Clin."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010360","article-title":"Contamination of fresh produce with antibiotic-resistant Bacteria and associated risks to human health: a scoping review","volume":"19","author":"Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02271-13","article-title":"Detection of Bla(GES-5) in carbapenem-resistant Kluyvera intermedia isolates recovered from the hospital environment","volume":"58","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref9003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx017","article-title":"Overexpression of antibiotic resistance genes in hospital effluents over time","volume":"72","author":"Rowe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother."},{"key":"ref50","volume-title":"RStudio: Integrated development for R","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475067","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2475067","article-title":"Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens","volume":"2016","author":"Santajit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref9234","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/s0958-1669(03)00067-3","article-title":"Biotechnological prospects from metagenomics","volume":"14","author":"Schloss","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03448-12","article-title":"Comparison of the microbial community structures of untreated wastewaters from different geographic locales","volume":"79","author":"Shanks","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581072","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.581072","article-title":"Distribution of Antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteriaceae pathogens in potable spring water of eastern Indian Himalayas: emphasis on virulence gene and Antibiotic resistance genes in Escherichia coli","volume":"11","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1104650","article-title":"Selective pressure of antibiotic pollution on bacteria of importance to public health","volume":"120","author":"Tello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2022.743-749","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance: one health approach","volume":"15","author":"Velazquez-Meza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. World."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.147448","article-title":"Combat of antimicrobial resistance in municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent via solar advanced oxidation processes: achievements and perspectives","volume":"786","author":"Starling V. M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00716","article-title":"Characterization of the genetic environment of Bla ESBL genes, integrons and toxin-antitoxin systems identified on large transferrable plasmids in multi-drug resistant Escherichia coli","volume":"5","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-019-1891-0","article-title":"Improved metagenomic analysis with kraken 2","volume":"20","author":"Wood","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4207","DOI":"10.1021\/jo400236f","article-title":"Overcoming resistance to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics","volume":"78","author":"Worthington","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2010.08.005","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance in the environment: a link to the clinic?","volume":"13","author":"Wright","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opinio. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0426-5","article-title":"Global diversity and biogeography of bacterial communities in wastewater treatment plants","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.00194","article-title":"Selective pressure of antibiotics on ARGs and bacterial communities in manure-polluted freshwater-sediment microcosms","volume":"6","author":"Xiong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26576","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.243261","article-title":"The multidrug efflux pump MdtEF protects against nitrosative damage during the anaerobic respiration in Escherichia coli","volume":"286","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2020.105914","article-title":"The prevalence of drug-resistant and virulent Staphylococcus spp. in a municipal wastewater treatment plant and their spread in the environment","volume":"143","author":"Zieli\u0144ski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Int."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1466353\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]],"date-time":"2024-11-19T04:20:02Z","timestamp":1731990002000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1466353\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1466353"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1466353","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,19]]},"article-number":"1466353"}}