{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T17:33:43Z","timestamp":1782149623234,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> contamination in raw lettuce from Risalpur, Pakistan, and to analyze the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of the isolated strains. The presence of foodborne pathogens such as <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> poses significant public health risks, particularly in regions with suboptimal hygiene practices and improper food handling.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lettuce samples were collected from various sources in Risalpur and screened for <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of various antibiotics against the isolated strains. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA and linear regression, were conducted to assess differences in inhibition zones and to predict antibiotic effectiveness based on concentration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results revealed a significant prevalence of <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> in the lettuce samples, highlighting the risks associated with poor hygiene, transportation, storage, and contaminated irrigation water. The isolated strains exhibited high susceptibility to gentamicin but demonstrated notable resistance to doxycycline, vancomycin, and ticarcillin. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains were identified. ANOVA showed significant differences in inhibition zones, and the linear regression model predicted a Zone of Inhibition based on antibiotic concentration (\u03b2<jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub> = 10.6667, \u03b2<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> = 0.4556).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The identification of MDR strains of <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> underscores the urgent need for enhanced antibiotic stewardship and food safety protocols to manage foodborne pathogens. Improved hygiene practices throughout the food production and supply chain are critical to mitigate health risks and address the challenge of growing antibiotic resistance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1473055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T13:06:18Z","timestamp":1727183178000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Isolation and characterization of pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae strains from lettuce: a potential source of antibiotic resistance and development of a mathematical model for ANOVA results"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ruby","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saima","family":"Wali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumbal","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaista","family":"Munir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bakht","family":"Pari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amjad M.","family":"Yousuf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahya A.","family":"Almutawif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3889-1","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of vegetables sold in Arba Minch Town, Southern Ethiopia","volume":"11","author":"Alemu","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Res. Not"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq238","article-title":"Foodborne nosocomial outbreak of SHV1 and CTX-M-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae: epidemiology and control","volume":"52","author":"Calbo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10957","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37821-7","article-title":"Genomic features of Klebsiella isolates from artisanal ready-to-eat food production facilities","volume":"13","author":"Crippa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0307.2006.00253.x","article-title":"Current and emerging molecular diagnostic technologies applicable to bacterial food safety","volume":"59","author":"Glynn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Dairy Technol"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/42.1.49","article-title":"Comparison of a novel, inhibitor-potentiated disc-diffusion test with other methods for the detection of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"42","author":"Ho","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0282835","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282835","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant extended spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli from farm produce and agricultural environments in Edo state, Nigeria","volume":"18","author":"Igbinosa","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1086\/510431","article-title":"New consensus guidelines from the clinical and laboratory standards institute for antimicrobial susceptibility testing of infrequently isolated or fastidious bacteria","volume":"44","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7962","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43802-1","article-title":"Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates with features of both multidrug-resistance and hypervirulence have unexpectedly low virulence","volume":"14","author":"Kochan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun"},{"key":"B9","first-page":"427","author":"Mahunu","year":"2024"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0658-4","volume":"5","author":"Oliveira","year":""},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11787","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.11787","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of extended-spectrum-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from raw vegetables retailed in Southern Thailand","volume":"9","author":"Romyasamit","year":"2021","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2475067","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2475067","article-title":"Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in eskape pathogens","volume":"2016","author":"Santajit","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ciad428","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad428","article-title":"Infectious diseases society of America 2023 guidance on the treatment of antimicrobial resistant gram-negative infections","volume":"2023","author":"Tamma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11050708","article-title":"High prevalence of Klebsiella pneumoniae in greek meat products: detection of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes by molecular techniques","volume":"11","author":"Theocharidi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1011367","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011367","article-title":"Capsular polysaccharide inhibits vaccine-induced o-antigen antibody binding and function across both classical and hypervirulent K2: O1 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae","volume":"19","author":"Wantuch","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.51585\/gjm.2024.1.0030","article-title":"WGS analysis of hypervirulent and MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae from vietnam reveales an inverse relationship between resistome and virulome. ger","volume":"4","author":"Wareth","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1473055\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]],"date-time":"2024-09-24T13:06:20Z","timestamp":1727183180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1473055\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"references-count":16,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1473055"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1473055","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,24]]},"article-number":"1473055"}}