{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T04:51:15Z","timestamp":1793249475723,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"Introduction<\/jats:title>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Brucella melitensis<\/jats:italic>, the causative agent of brucellosis, is of growing concern, particularly in low and middle-income countries. This study aimed to explore the genetic basis of AMR in B. melitensis<\/jats:italic> strains from India.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>Twenty-four isolates from humans and animals were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>Resistance to doxycycline (20.80%), ciprofloxacin (16.67%), cotrimoxazole (4.17%), and rifampicin (16.67%) was observed. Genome analysis revealed efflux-related genes like mprF<\/jats:italic>, bepG<\/jats:italic>, bepF<\/jats:italic>, bepC<\/jats:italic>, bepE<\/jats:italic>, and bepD<\/jats:italic> across all isolates, however, classical AMR genes were not detected. Mutations in key AMR-associated genes such as rpoB<\/jats:italic>, gyrA<\/jats:italic>, and folP<\/jats:italic> were identified, intriguingly present in both resistant and susceptible isolates, suggesting a complex genotype\u2013phenotype relationship in AMR among Brucella<\/jats:italic> spp. Additionally, mutations in efflux genes were noted in resistant and some susceptible isolates, indicating their potential role in resistance mechanisms. However, mutations in AMR-associated genes did not consistently align with phenotypic resistance, suggesting a multifactorial basis for resistance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Discussion<\/jats:title>The study underscores the complexity of AMR in B. melitensis<\/jats:italic> and advocates for a holistic multi-omics approach to fully understand resistance mechanisms. These findings offer valuable insights into genetic markers associated with AMR, guiding future research and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1474957","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]],"date-time":"2024-10-04T15:16:46Z","timestamp":1728055006000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Exploring genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance in Brucella melitensis strains of human and animal origin from India"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Haris","family":"Ayoub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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N.","family":"Bhilegaonkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harith M.","family":"Salih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charley A.","family":"Cull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravindra P.","family":"Veeranna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raghavendra G.","family":"Amachawadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W537","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky379","article-title":"The galaxy platform for accessible, reproducible and collaborative biomedical analyses: 2018 update","volume":"46","author":"Afgan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref2","author":"Alton","year":"1975"},{"key":"ref9001","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Techniques for the brucellosis Laboratory","author":"Alton","year":"1988"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.03.017","article-title":"A bioinformatic approach to understanding antibiotic resistance in intracellular bacteria through whole genome analysis","volume":"32","author":"Biswas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. 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