{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:19:23Z","timestamp":1787026763138,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) pose a significant challenge in acute care hospitals, particularly in intensive care units, due to persistent environmental contamination despite existing disinfection protocols and manual cleaning methods. Current disinfection methods are labor-intensive and often ineffective against multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens, highlighting the need for new, automated, hands-free approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study evaluates the bactericidal efficacy of low concentrations of gaseous ozone (5\u202fppm) against clinically relevant and often MDR bacteria under various concentrations, contact times, temperatures, and environmental conditions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We observed a 3 log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      -fold reduction in\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Salmonella Typhimurium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and a 1\u20132 log\n                      <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                      -fold reduction in group A\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and methicillin-resistant\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      upon ozone exposure. The bactericidal effect was dose-dependent, with no significant difference between single and repeated exposures. Environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity had minimal impact on low-dose ozone efficacy, with slightly improved bacterial killing at colder temperatures and higher humidity levels. Gaseous ozone also showed significant bactericidal activity against the broad range of Gram-positive and -negative MDR clinical isolates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings highlight the potential of low-dose gaseous ozone as a versatile, effective, and hands-free disinfectant for healthcare and other settings. Further research is needed to establish long-term safety and efficacy guidelines for its use in occupied spaces and to explore potential synergy with other contemporary disinfection strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1480433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]],"date-time":"2024-12-11T02:03:31Z","timestamp":1733882611000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Bactericidal efficacy of low dose gaseous ozone against clinically relevant multidrug-resistant bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Bob","family":"Banerjee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Nizet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisabet","family":"Bj\u00e5nes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.4103\/JISPPD.JISPPD_119_20","article-title":"Comparison of antimicrobial efficacy of aqueous ozone, green tea, and normal saline as irrigants in pulpectomy procedures of primary teeth","volume":"38","author":"Agarwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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