{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T18:11:04Z","timestamp":1787163064802,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006049","name":"Comisi\u00f3n Sectorial de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FVF2017-106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FVF2017-106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Uropathogenic bacteria employ multiple strategies to colonize the urinary tract, including biofilm formation, invasion of urothelial cells, and the production of adhesins, toxins, and siderophores. Among the most prevalent pathogens causing urinary tract infections (UTIs) are Uropathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Proteus mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . A notable feature of Gram-negative bacteria is their ability to produce outer membrane vesicles (OMVs), which play critical roles in bacterial survival, virulence, and host-pathogen interactions, including UTIs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, OMVs were isolated and characterized from two clinical strains,\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      U144 and\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      2,921, cultured in both Luria-Bertani broth and artificial urine.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The OMVs ranged in size from 85 to 260 nm, with the largest vesicles observed in artificial urine. Proteomic analysis allowed the identification of 282 proteins in OMVs from\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 353 proteins from P. mirabilis when cultured LB medium, while 215 were identified from\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 103 from\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      when cultured in artificial urine. The majority of these proteins originated from the bacterial envelope, while others were linked to motility and adhesion. Notably, the protein composition of OMVs varied depending on the growth medium, and proteins associated with zinc and iron uptake being more prominent in artificial urine, suggesting their importance in the urinary environment. Crucially, this is the first report to characterize\n                      <jats:italic>P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      OMVs under different culture conditions, offering novel insights into the role of OMVs in UTI pathogenesis. These findings provide a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which OMVs contribute to bacterial virulence, establishing the foundation for potential therapeutic interventions targeting OMV-mediated processes in UTIs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1493859","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T12:48:17Z","timestamp":1730897297000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["First report on the physicochemical and proteomic characterization of Proteus mirabilis outer membrane vesicles under urine-mimicking growth conditions: comparative analysis with Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erlen","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Javier O.","family":"Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Zunino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luciana","family":"Robino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anal\u00eda","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Scavone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.201300328","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of outer membrane vesicles from the probiotic strain Escherichia coli Nissle 1917","volume":"14","author":"Aguilera","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2679","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00076-06","article-title":"Quantitative profile of the uropathogenic Escherichia coli outer membrane proteome during growth in human urine","volume":"75","author":"Alteri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555818883.ch10","article-title":"Metabolism and Fitness of Urinary Tract Pathogens","volume-title":"Microbiol Spectr","author":"Alteri","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2890","article-title":"Merging mythology and morphology: the multifaceted lifestyle of Proteus mirabilis","volume":"10","author":"Armbruster","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.esp-0009-2017","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Proteus mirabilis infection","volume":"8","author":"Armbruster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eco Sal Plus"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(66)92023-X","article-title":"Urine as a medium for bacterial growth","volume":"288","author":"Asscher","year":"1966","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-9-30","article-title":"Secretion of flagellin by the LEE-encoded type III secretion system of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"9","author":"Badea","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3648-3","article-title":"Comparative study of pathogenic and non-pathogenic Escherichia coli outer membrane vesicles and prediction of host-interactions with TLR signaling pathways","volume":"11","author":"Behrouzi","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC. Res. Notes"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.5173\/ceju.2016.871","article-title":"The role of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in urinary tract infections (UTIs)","volume":"69","author":"Behzadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cent European J Urol"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4725","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.181.16.4725-4733.1999","article-title":"Structures of gram-negative cell walls and their derived membrane vesicles","volume":"181","author":"Beveridge","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557455","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.557455","article-title":"Reciprocal packaging of the main structural proteins of type 1 fimbriae and flagella in the outer membrane vesicles of \u201cwild type\u201d Escherichia coli strains","volume":"12","author":"Blackburn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ront Microbiol"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3287","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.28098-0","article-title":"Regulation of type 1 fimbriae synthesis and biofilm formation by the transcriptional regulator LrhA of Escherichia coli","volume":"151","author":"Blumer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.1997.00378.x","article-title":"A simple artificial urine for the growth of urinary pathogens","volume":"24","author":"Brooks","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1383618","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1383618","article-title":"Overview of Proteus mirabilis pathogenicity and virulence. Insights into the role of metals","volume":"15","author":"Chakkour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes13090752","article-title":"Bacterial outer membrane vesicles and immune modulation of the host","volume":"13","author":"Charpentier","year":"2023","journal-title":"Membranes"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2011.00839.x","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of Proteus mirabilis outer membrane proteins reveals differential expression in vivo vs. in vitro conditions","volume":"63","author":"D'Alessandro","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1128\/mmbr.00031-09","article-title":"Virulence and immunomodulatory roles of bacterial outer membrane vesicles","volume":"74","author":"Ellis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2013.09.003","article-title":"Urinary tract infection syndromes: occurrence, recurrence, bacteriology, risk factors, and disease burden","volume":"28","author":"Foxman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2018.09.013","article-title":"New substrates and interactors of the mycobacterial serine\/threonine protein kinase Pkn G identified by a tailored interactomic approach","volume":"192","author":"Gil","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Proteome"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"053","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftx053","article-title":"Effect of different antibiotics on biofilm produced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from children with urinary tract infection","volume":"75","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathog Dis."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542755","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.542755","article-title":"Selection of effective antibiotics for uropathogenic Escherichia coli intracellular bacteria reduction","volume":"10","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcsw.2022.100075","article-title":"Virulence factors of uropathogens and their role in host pathogen interactions","volume":"8","author":"Govindarajan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Surface"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-022-03309-7","article-title":"Enterococcus faecalis thrives in dual-species biofilm models under iron-rich conditions","volume":"204","author":"Govindarajan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19523","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA119.011018","article-title":"The structure of the bacterial iron\u2013catecholate transporter Fiu suggests that it imports substrates via a two-step mechanism","volume":"294","author":"Grinter","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2012.00339.x","article-title":"Host\u2013pathogen checkpoints and population bottlenecks in persistent and intracellular uropathogenic Escherichia coli bladder infection","volume":"36","author":"Hannan","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2010.07317.x","article-title":"Proteobactin and a yersiniabactin-related siderophore mediate iron acquisition in Proteus mirabilis","volume":"78","author":"Himpsl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e03051","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03051-22","article-title":"Escherichia coli-derived outer membrane vesicles relay inflammatory responses to macrophage-derived exosomes","volume":"14","author":"Imamiya","year":"2023","journal-title":"M Bio"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2015.02.006","article-title":"Gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial extracellular vesicles","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1299905","article-title":"Bacterial outer membrane vesicles and the host\u2013pathogen interaction","volume":"19","author":"Kuehn","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.091208.073413","article-title":"Biological functions and biogenesis of secreted bacterial outer membrane vesicles","volume":"64","author":"Kulp","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7644","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.73.11.7644-7656.2005","article-title":"Role of motility in the colonization of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in the urinary tract","volume":"73","author":"Lane","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200700196","article-title":"Global proteomic profiling of native outer membrane vesicles derived from Escherichia coli","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201600032","article-title":"Proteomic profiling of gram-negative bacterial outer membrane vesicles: current perspectives","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proteomics Clin. Appl."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2016.00135","article-title":"Dimeric and trimeric fusion proteins generated with fimbrial adhesins of uropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"6","author":"Luna-Pineda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13010032","article-title":"Bacterial outer membrane vesicles: role in pathogenesis and host-cell interactions","volume":"13","author":"Maga\u00f1a","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15489-1","article-title":"Lipoprotein Lpp regulates the mechanical properties of the E. coli cell envelope","volume":"11","author":"Matheli\u00e9-Guinlet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2006.05522.x","article-title":"Release of outer membrane vesicles by gram-negative bacteria is a novel envelope stress response","volume":"63","author":"McBroom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref38","first-page":"359","article-title":"Bacterial adhesion","volume-title":"Molecular Medical Microbiology","author":"Mendoza-Barber\u00e1","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3726","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83257-2","article-title":"A small-molecular inhibitor against Proteus mirabilis urease to treat catheter-associated urinary tract infections","volume":"11","author":"Milo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28391","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.45.28391","article-title":"Cell envelope signaling in Escherichia coli: ligand binding to the ferrichrome-iron receptor FhuA promotes interaction with the energy-transducing protein ton B","volume":"272","author":"Moeck","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6702","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.10.6702","article-title":"Cutting edge: FimH adhesin of type 1 fimbriae is a novel TLR4 ligand","volume":"181","author":"Mossman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12655","article-title":"Mechanisms of outer membrane vesicle entry into host cells","volume":"18","author":"O'Donoghue","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12676","article-title":"Environmentally controlled bacterial vesicle-mediated export","volume":"18","author":"Orench-Rivera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15080502","article-title":"Modulation of autophagy and cell death by bacterial outer-membrane vesicles","volume":"15","author":"Pin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-009-9262-z","article-title":"EfeO-cupredoxins: major new members of the cupredoxin superfamily with roles in bacterial iron transport","volume":"23","author":"Rajasekaran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu634","article-title":"Intracellular bacteria in the pathogenesis of Escherichia coli urinary tract infection in children","volume":"59","author":"Robino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e329","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040329","article-title":"Detection of intracellular bacterial communities in human urinary tract infection","volume":"4","author":"Rosen","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-09926-3","article-title":"The EAL-domain protein fcs R regulates flagella, chemotaxis and type III secretion system in Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a phosphodiesterase independent mechanism","volume":"7","author":"Rossello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-022-00690-x","article-title":"Simple, efficient and thorough shotgun proteomic analysis with pattern lab V","volume":"17","author":"Santos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ram.2023.01.005","article-title":"Role of Proteus mirabilis flagella in biofilm formation","volume":"55","author":"Scavone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rev. Argent. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817404.ch17","article-title":"Proteus mirabilis and urinary tract infections","volume":"3","author":"Schaffer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2011.07.021","article-title":"Development of 3D architecture of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis batch culture biofilms\u2014a quantitative confocal microscopy approach","volume":"87","author":"Schlapp","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4250","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.05339-11","article-title":"Population dynamics and niche distribution of uropathogenic Escherichia coli during acute and chronic urinary tract infection","volume":"79","author":"Schwartz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcsw.2022.100077","article-title":"A review on pilus assembly mechanisms in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria","volume":"8","author":"Shanmugasundarasamy","year":"2022","journal-title":"The cell surface"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6373","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.72.11.6373-6381.2004","article-title":"Transcriptome of uropathogenic Escherichia coli during urinary tract infection","volume":"72","author":"Snyder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkn491","article-title":"In vitro activity of ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, vancomycin and erythromycin against planktonic and biofilm forms of Corynebacterium urealyticum","volume":"63","author":"Soriano","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)55496-8","article-title":"Observations on the growth of urethral and vaginal bacteria in sterile urine","volume":"124","author":"Stamey","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1086\/318850","article-title":"Urinary tract infections: disease panorama and challenges","volume":"183","author":"Stamm","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"ch12","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817404.ch12","article-title":"Virulence and fitness determinants of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"3","author":"Subashchandrabose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiol Spect"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00571","article-title":"Interaction of bacterial membrane vesicles with specific species and their potential for delivery to target cells","volume":"8","author":"Tashiro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00875-5","article-title":"Composition and functions of bacterial membrane vesicles","volume":"21","author":"Toyofuku","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eade5079","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ade5079","article-title":"Versatility of bacterial outer membrane vesicles in regulating intestinal homeostasis","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2014.12.005","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the uropathogenic Escherichia coli surface proteome by tandem mass-spectrometry of artificially induced outer membrane vesicles","volume":"115","author":"Wurpel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Proteome"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2015.11.001","article-title":"Comparative proteomics of uropathogenic Escherichia coli during growth in human urine identify UCA-like (UCL) fimbriae as an adherence factor involved in biofilm formation and binding to uroepithelial cells","volume":"131","author":"Wurpel","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Proteome"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq249","article-title":"PSORTb 3.0: improved protein subcellular localization prediction with refined localization subcategories and predictive capabilities for all prokaryotes","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2000.tb01516.x","article-title":"Virulence of a Proteus Mirabilis ATF isogenic mutant is not impaired in a mouse model of ascending urinary tract infection","volume":"29","author":"Zunino","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1006\/mpat.1994.1038","article-title":"Flagellate and non-flagellate Proteus mirabilis in the development of experimental urinary tract infection","volume":"16","author":"Zunino","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.26534-0","article-title":"Proteus mirabilis fimbriae (PMF) are important for both bladder and kidney colonization in mice","volume":"149","author":"Zunino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Microbiologica"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1493859\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]],"date-time":"2024-11-06T12:48:20Z","timestamp":1730897300000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1493859\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1493859"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1493859","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,6]]},"article-number":"1493859"}}